Historic Institutionalism and Urban Morphology in Jakarta: Moving Towards Building Flood Resiliency into the Formal Planning and Development System

This paper examines issues around flooding and rapid urban development in Jakarta, specifically the manner in which the former has influenced the spatial growth of the city over time. It takes a historic-institutionalism perspective within the context of changing government responses to flood management, where previous approaches failed to take into consideration existing local ecology, flood patterns and natural drainage systems. Jakarta is slowly moving towards more sustainable and resilient approaches to flood management through pilot programmes aimed at reclaiming or restoring water bodies while creating urban green space to assist with water absorption, despite the local government not having incorporated sustainable flood management systems or mitigation measures into the formal planning system. This paper shows how flooding has influenced spatial development and urban morphology in the city historically, which has led the city administration to the realisation that new approaches are required. The methodology includes document and literature research, GIS as well as satellite based mapping and imagery to determine spatial development patterns and where additional mitigation measures may be required, as well as flooding and drainage documentation. The paper reveals a series of potential strategies for the initial stages of planning policy implementation and a potential framework for developing planning-incorporated measures at a wider scale across Jakarta’s affected areas. This study has wide implications for a number of large developing cities in the Global South that face multiple development challenges in addition to flooding

The Important Role of Post-translational Modifications, Neddylation and Acetylation, in Immunity.

Proteins undergo posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by the attachment of various side chains including phosphate, acetate, sumo, ubiquitin, etc. Our lab has previously shown that the PTM acetylation is important for immune responses. However, the role of other modifications, such as neddylation, remained unknown. Neddylation facilitates the degradation of proteins by the E3 ligase system known as cullin RING ligase (CRL). Neddylation has previously been suggested to regulate the function of NF-κB, a critical transcription factor for several immune cell functions. Therefore, we systematically examined the role of neddylation in the function of innate (DCs, macrophages, and neutrophils) and adaptive (T cells) immune cells. We found that neddylation affects immunity in a cell specific manner. It positively regulates NF-κB in DC and macrophage functions where, by contrast, it negatively regulates neutrophils and T cells in a non NF-κB manner. Expanding on the previous observations made in our lab, we further explored the role of acetylation in regulating immunopathology, such as graft versus host disease (GVHD). We found that the endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) butyrate – which is derived exclusively from the GI microbiota – is critical for the survival of IECs and the negative regulation of GVHD severity. Collectively, these data further our knowledge of the roles of PTMs in immunity – specifically that of neddylation in the regulation of immune cells and acetylation in the regulation of immune pathology.PhDImmunologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113595/1/nmathew_1.pd