78 research outputs found
Hazardous Waste in The Netherlands: Dutch Policies from a Local Perspective
This paper is about risk management and environmental policy. Conventional approaches to risk management (Wynne et al., IIASA Working Papers on Hazardous Waste Management) tend to assume that risk is a technical phenomenon, and that successful risk management involves the elaboration and use of precise technical analytic models and regulatory instruments. The aim of this work is to show that this general approach is unrealistic. Firstly, it is shown that different perceptions and definitions of policy issues shape legislative and regulatory agendas in ways which mean that environmental management and specific definitions of risk problems are only a (varying) part of the broader agendas and concerns of interacting groups. Secondly, it is shown that even after apparently precise regulations have been established, the process of implementation effectively continues the negotiation of the basic agenda of issues as defined by different interests. This is shown to be the case at national and local levels. The family of Dutch case studies presented supports the argument of the IIASA hazardous waste papers, that effective regulatory instruments can only be identified in the context of interaction between the institutional realities of regulatory decision making and appropriate forms of technical knowledge. These vary from one regulatory system to another, making technical harmonization extremely problematic
Визначення правового статусу садівницьких, городницьких та дачних товариств
Розкриваються особливості правового статусу садівницьких, городницьких та дачних товариств, досліджується їх організаційно-правова форма та ті специфічні правові ознаки, що знаходяться в її основі. У зв’язку з відсутністю правової бази діяльності цих товариств, робиться спроба сформувати основні теоретико-правові концептуальні підходи до розуміння їх природи та змоделювати законодавчу схему регулювання їх діяльності.Раскрываются особенности правового статуса садоводческих, огороднических и дачных товариществ, исследуются их организационно-правовая форма и правовые особенности, составляющие ее основание. В связи с отсутствием правовых обоснований деятельности этих товариществ автор стремится сформировать основные теоретико-правовые концептуальные подходы к раскрытию их сущности и смоделировать законодательную схему регулирования деятельности рассматриваемых товариществ.In article features of legal status of garden, vegetable-garden and country companies reveal, their organizational legal form and those specific features that are in its basis are investigated. In connection with absence of legal base of activity of these communities is attempted to generate the basic theoretical-legal conceptual approaches to understanding of their nature and model legislative sphere of regulation of their activity becomes
Coupling charge and topological reconstructions at polar oxide interfaces
In oxide heterostructures, different materials are integrated into a single
artificial crystal, resulting in a breaking of inversion-symmetry across the
heterointerfaces. A notable example is the interface between polar and
non-polar materials, where valence discontinuities lead to otherwise
inaccessible charge and spin states. This approach paved the way to the
discovery of numerous unconventional properties absent in the bulk
constituents. However, control of the geometric structure of the electronic
wavefunctions in correlated oxides remains an open challenge. Here, we create
heterostructures consisting of ultrathin SrRuO, an itinerant ferromagnet
hosting momentum-space sources of Berry curvature, and LaAlO, a polar
wide-bandgap insulator. Transmission electron microscopy reveals an atomically
sharp LaO/RuO/SrO interface configuration, leading to excess charge being
pinned near the LaAlO/SrRuO interface. We demonstrate through
magneto-optical characterization, theoretical calculations and transport
measurements that the real-space charge reconstruction modifies the
momentum-space Berry curvature in SrRuO, driving a reorganization of the
topological charges in the band structure. Our results illustrate how the
topological and magnetic features of oxides can be manipulated by engineering
charge discontinuities at oxide interfaces.Comment: 5 pages main text (4 figures), 29 pages of supplementary informatio
Controlling magnetism with light in zero orbital angular momentum antiferromagnet
Antiferromagnetic materials feature intrinsic ultrafast spin dynamics, making them ideal candidates for future magnonic devices operating at THz frequencies. A major focus of current research is the investigation of optical methods for the efficient generation of coherent magnons in antiferromagnetic insulators. In magnetic lattices endowed with orbital angular momentum, spin-orbit coupling enables spin dynamics through the resonant excitation of low-energy electric dipoles such as phonons and orbital resonances which interact with spins. However, in magnetic systems with zero orbital angular momentum, microscopic pathways for the resonant and low-energy optical excitation of coherent spin dynamics are lacking. Here, we consider experimentally the relative merits of electronic and vibrational excitations for the optical control of zero orbital angular momentum magnets, focusing on a limit case: the antiferromagnet manganese phosphorous trisulfide (MnPS3), constituted by orbital singlet Mn2þ ions. We study the correlation of spins with two types of excitations within its band gap: a bound electron orbital excitation from the singlet orbital ground state of Mn2þ into an orbital triplet state, which causes coherent spin precession, and a vibrational excitation of the crystal field that causes thermal spin disorder. Our findings cast orbital transitions as key targets for magnetic control in insulators constituted by magnetic centers of zero orbital angular momentum
Controlling the anisotropy of a van der Waals antiferromagnet with light
Van der Waals magnets provide an ideal playground to explore the fundamentals of low-dimensional magnetism and open opportunities for ultrathin spin-processing devices. The Mermin-Wagner theorem dictates that as in reduced dimensions isotropic spin interactions cannot retain long-range correlations, the long-range spin order is stabilized by magnetic anisotropy. Here, using ultrashort pulses of light, we control magnetic anisotropy in the two-dimensional van der Waals antiferromagnet NiPS3. Tuning the photon energy in resonance with an orbital transition between crystal field split levels of the nickel ions, we demonstrate the selective activation of a subterahertz magnon mode with markedly two-dimensional behavior. The pump polarization control of the magnon amplitude confirms that the activation is governed by the photoinduced magnetic anisotropy axis emerging in response to photoexcitation of ground state electrons to states with a lower orbital symmetry. Our results establish pumping of orbital resonances as a promising route for manipulating magnetic order in low-dimensional (anti)ferromagnets
Ultrafast control of magnetic interactions via light-driven phonons
Resonant ultrafast excitation of infrared-active phonons is a powerful technique with which to control the electronic properties of materials that leads to remarkable phenomena such as the light-induced enhancement of superconductivity1,2, switching of ferroelectric polarization3,4 and ultrafast insulator-to-metal transitions5. Here, we show that light-driven phonons can be utilized to coherently manipulate macroscopic magnetic states. Intense mid-infrared electric field pulses tuned to resonance with a phonon mode of the archetypical antiferromagnet DyFeO3 induce ultrafast and long-living changes of the fundamental exchange interaction between rare-earth orbitals and transition metal spins. Non-thermal lattice control of the magnetic exchange, which defines the stability of the macroscopic magnetic state, allows us to perform picosecond coherent switching between competing antiferromagnetic and weakly ferromagnetic spin orders. Our discovery emphasizes the potential of resonant phonon excitation for the manipulation of ferroic order on ultrafast timescales6
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): A Beginner's Guide for Design and Implementation
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a popular brain stimulation method that is used to modulate cortical excitability, producing facilitatory or inhibitory effects upon a variety of behaviors. There is, however, a current lack of consensus between studies, with many results suggesting that polarity-specific effects are difficult to obtain. This article explores some of these differences and highlights the experimental parameters that may underlie their occurrence. We provide a general, practical snapshot of tDCS methodology, including what it is used for, how to use it, and considerations for designing an effective and safe experiment. Our aim is to equip researchers who are new to tDCS with the essential knowledge so that they can make informed and well-rounded decisions when designing and running successful experiments. By summarizing the varied approaches, stimulation parameters, and outcomes, this article should help inform future tDCS research in a variety of fields
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