Review of micro/nanotechnologies for microbial biosensors

A microbial biosensor is an analytical device with a biologically integrated transducer that generates a measurable signal indicating the analyte concentration. This method is ideally suited for the analysis of extracellular chemicals and the environment, and for metabolic sensory regulation. Although microbial biosensors show promise for application in various detection fields, some limitations still remain such as poor selectivity, low sensitivity, and impractical portability. To overcome such limitations, microbial biosensors have been integrated with many recently developed micro/nanotechnologies and applied to a wide range of detection purposes. This review article discusses micro/nanotechnologies that have been integrated with microbial biosensors and summarizes recent advances and the applications achieved through such novel integration. Future perspectives on the combination of micro/nanotechnologies and microbial biosensors will be discussed, and the necessary developments and improvements will be strategically deliberated.clos

Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly severe type of stroke for which no specific treatment has been established yet. Although preclinical models of ICH have substantial methodological limitations, important insight into the pathophysiology has been gained. Mounting evidence suggests an important contribution of inflammatory mechanisms to brain damage and potential repair. Neuroinflammation evoked by intracerebral blood involves the activation of resident microglia, the infiltration of systemic immune cells and the production of cytokines, chemokines, extracellular proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies focused on innate immunity including microglia, monocytes and granulocytes. More recently, the role of adaptive immune cells has received increasing attention. Little is currently known about the interactions among different immune cell populations in the setting of ICH. Nevertheless, immunomodulatory strategies are already being explored in ICH. To improve the chances of translation from preclinical models to patients, a better characterization of the neuroinflammation in patients is desirable

BIO-POTENTIATION AND IN VIVO PHARMACOKINETICS STUDIES OF POLYPHENOLS FROM PUNICA GRANATUM BY FORMING PHOSPHOLIPID CONJUGATES FOR BETTER ANTIOXIDANT & ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

Objective: Polyphenols belong to the chemical class of flavonoids and are widely distributed in vegetables and plants. In this study, we aimed to potentiate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols by forming a phospholipid complex of extracts from Punica granatum and also evaluating its in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters.Methods: This method was used for determination and in vivo pharmacokinetics studies for the biomarkers and their lipid complexes from P. granatum extract. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies ever performed on both uncomplexed and complexed flavonoids. Pharmacokineticbehaviour of biomarker was significantly improved with higher Cmax, t1/2 and shorter tmax& AUC0-t and AUC0-t values of glucuronide metabolites indicating the greater bioavailability.Results: Anti lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential was found greater in case of phospholipid complexes with IC50 value 17.41 µg for biomarker complex as compared to biomarker mixture (63.52 µg) & anti-inflammatory activity of 100 mg/kg of agro waste extract complex of P. granatum was found very significant at 3rd hour with (21.95±0.071 %) inhibition in rat paw edema which was greater than the extract alone (11.13±0.084 %).Conclusion: Bio-enhancement of polyphenols was observed and achieved through phospholipids complexes and was demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo activity testing by forming a supramolecular complex

Crystal entrainment from cool, low-silica rocks into hot, high-silica melts: diverse primary melt compositions at Taranaki volcano, New Zealand

Figure S4: Mixing model for crystals and groundmass to produce whole-rock compositions. Full details are reported in the text

Crystal entrainment from cool, low-silica rocks into hot, high-silica melts: diverse primary melt compositions at Taranaki volcano, New Zealand

Figure S2(b): The chemical classification of the three main mineral phases found in Taranaki lava samples: plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole

Crystal entrainment from cool, low-silica rocks into hot, high-silica melts: diverse primary melt compositions at Taranaki volcano, New Zealand

Figure S3: Representative SEM-BSE images of the investigated Taranaki lava samples (a) Oscillatory zoned, euhedral clinopyroxene phenocryst in sample ES5; (b) TUR sample showing zoned clinopyroxene crystal (lower left) (c) euhedral crystal of clinopyroxene with patchy zoning in sample ES5; (d) euhedral plagioclase with oscillatory zoning and sieve texture in sample PYR; (e) rounded core with euhedral rim of plagioclase in sample L21; (f) sieved interior and oscillatory zoned plagioclase with distinct core/mantle in sample L09; (g) zoned amphibole showing breakdown features at the rim in sample L18; (h) volumetric decomposition (D'Mello et al. 2021) of amphibole into plagioclase and clinopyroxene in sample ES3; (i) broken amphibole with reaction rim from sample ES3; (j) clinopyroxene glomerocryst in sample L02, with inclusions of Fe-Ti oxides (white-near equant crystals); (k) groundmass of sample L16 showing vesicles and microlite populations (clinopyroxene-light grey, plagioclase-dark grey, and oxides-black, with rare orthopyroxene) (l) glomerocryst of intergrown plagioclase crystals from sample L18

Crystal entrainment from cool, low-silica rocks into hot, high-silica melts: diverse primary melt compositions at Taranaki volcano, New Zealand

Figure S1: Major element v. K2O binary plots of whole-rock (WR) and groundmass (GM) samples, compared to the composition of the crystal cargo. Amp= amphibole, cpx: clinopyroxene, pl: plagioclase

Crystal entrainment from cool, low-silica rocks into hot, high-silica melts: diverse primary melt compositions at Taranaki volcano, New Zealand

Figure S2(c): The chemical classification of the three main mineral phases found in Taranaki lava samples: plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole

Crystal entrainment from cool, low-silica rocks into hot, high-silica melts: diverse primary melt compositions at Taranaki volcano, New Zealand

Figure S2(a): The chemical classification of the three main mineral phases found in Taranaki lava samples: plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole