Jóvenes y política en Marruecos: Las causas de la no participación institucional

La non-participation à travers les institutions formelles de la politique est une forte tendance chez les jeunes marocains. Les données qualitatives et quantitatives d’une recherche menée en 2015 et 2016 montrent que la majorité des jeunes ne s’engage pas à travers les partis politiques et les élections. Ceci dit, ils ne sont pas politiquement apathiques, beaucoup d’entre eux expriment un grand intérêt pour la politique et un fort sentiment d'agencéité. Le fait que l'intérêt politique des jeunes ne se transforme pas en action suggère leur désenchantement avec l'offre politique. Bien que des facteurs tels que l'éducation, le genre et le niveau de connaissance politique soient importants pour comprendre les motifs de la participation ou de la non-participation des jeunes, cet article met en exergue l’impact de la centralité du pouvoir et des pratiques politiques établies sur le non engagement des jeunes. Au Maroc, la sphère de la participation politique a été élargie depuis les années 1990. Néanmoins, dans un régime caractérisé par la centralité du pouvoir entre les mains de la monarchie / makhzen, une scène partisane contrôlée et des institutions politiques discréditées, les citoyens sont conscients des limites de leur influence sur les décisions publiques. Le terrain que nous avons mené nous permet de conclure que les politiciens et les partis sont déconnectés des réalités et des préoccupations des jeunes. Par ailleurs, la majorité se sent exclue des processus décisionnels. Même lorsqu’ils participent à des discussions et débats au sein de leurs institutions d’appartenance, les jeunes estiment que leurs avis et attentes ne sont pas pris en considération. La non-participation peut être considérée comme un acte conscient susceptible de saper la légitimité du système. Le désengagement des jeunes de la sphère formelle de la participation et leur désenchantement avec l’offre politique peuvent contribuer à long terme au recours à des moyens antidémocratiques et non pacifiques pour faire entendre leurs voixLa no participación a través de las instituciones políticas formales es una tendencia muy marcada entre los jóvenes marroquíes. Los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos de una investigación llevada a cabo en 2015 y 2016 muestran que la mayoría de los jóvenes no participa en los partidos políticos y las elecciones. Dicho esto, no son políticamente apáticos, muchos de ellos expresan un gran interés por la política y un fuerte sentido de agencia. El hecho de que el interés político de los jóvenes no se convierta en acción sugiere su desencanto con la oferta política. Aunque factores como la educación, el género y el nivel de conocimiento político son importantes para comprender los motivos de la participación o no participación de los jóvenes, este artículo destaca el impacto de la centralidad del poder y las prácticas políticas establecidas sobre la existencia de este no compromiso de los jóvenes. En Marruecos, la esfera de la participación política se ha ampliado desde la década de 1990. Sin embargo, en un régimen caracterizado por la centralidad del poder en manos de la monarquía / makhzen, una escena partidista controlada e instituciones políticas desacreditadas, los ciudadanos son conscientes de los límites de su influencia en las decisiones públicas. El trabajo de campo que hemos realizado nos permite concluir que los políticos y los partidos están desconectados de las realidades y preocupaciones de los jóvenes. Además, la mayoría de estos últimos se siente excluida de los procesos de toma de decisiones. Incluso cuando participan en discusiones y debates dentro de sus propias organizaciones, los jóvenes sienten que sus opiniones y expectativas no se tienen en cuenta. La no participación puede considerarse como un acto consciente que socava la legitimidad del sistema. La separación de los jóvenes de la esfera formal de participación y su desencanto con la oferta política pueden contribuir a que, a largo plazo, recurran al uso de medios antidemocráticos y no pacíficos para hacer oír su vo

"Smartness" without vision: the Moroccan regime in the face of acquiescent elites and weak social mobilization

In contrast to other North African and Middle Eastern rulers, the Moroccan monarchy has been able to maintain and stabilize its reign in the face of popular protest. In response to demonstrations by the 20 February Movement (M20) in early 2011, King Mohammed VI announced the reform of the constitution and the establishment of a parliamentary monarchy. In addition, the regime has successfully bought off opposi-tion by appropriating the main reform demands and by bringing in figures from the former opposition Justice and Development Party (Parti de la justice et du développement, PJD) to lead the government. But although the regime was able to absorb social unrest and to pull the rug from underneath the M20, protests and discontent have continued in Morocco, as major issues such as fighting corruption, establishing social justice and dealing with youth unemployment have not been addressed. Thus, although the moves of the monarchy have earned it the label of being “politically smart” and Morocco being “exceptional,” the country is far from immune to the unrest that has rocked neighboring countries. Europeans should therefore support a peaceful path of more substantial reforms to avoid regression and potentially violent escalations. (Autorenreferat

Design and implementation of an I-V curvetracer dedicated to characterize PV panels

In recent years, solar photovoltaic energy is becoming very important in the generation of green electricity. Solar photovoltaic effect directly converts solar radiation into electricity. The output of the photovoltaic module MPV depends on several factors as solar irradiation and cell temperature. A curve tracer is a system used to acquire the PV current-voltage characteristics, in real time, in an efficient manner. The shape of the I-V curve gives useful information about the possible anomalies of a PV device. This paper describes an experimental system developed to measure the current–voltage curve of a MPV under real conditions. The measurement is performed in an automated way. This present paper presents the design, and the construction of I-V simple curve tracer for photovoltaic modules. This device is important for photovoltaic (PV) performance assessment for the measurement, extraction, elaboration and diagnose of entire current-voltage I-V curves for several photovoltaic modules. This system permits to sweep the entire I-V curve, in short time, with different climatic and loads conditions. An experimental test bench is described. This tracer is simple and the experimental results present good performance. Simulation and experimental tests have been carried out. Experimental results presented good performance

Residual-based failure prognostic in dynamic systems.

International audienceThis paper deals with failure prognostic in dynamic systems. The system's remaining useful life is estimated based on residual signals. This supposes the possibility to build a dynamic model of the system by using the bond graph tool, and the existence of a degradation model in order to predict its future health state. The choice of bond graph is motivated by the fact that it is well suited for modeling physical systems where several types of energies are involved. In addition, it allows to generate residuals for fault diagnostic and prognostic. The proposed method is then applied on a simple dynamic model of a hydraulic system to show its feasibility

Scheduling predictive maintenance in flow-shop.

International audienceAvailability of production equipments is one major issue for manufacturers. Predictive maintenance is an answer to prevent equipment from risk of breakdowns while minimizing the maintenance costs. Nevertheless, conflicts could occur between maintenance and production if a maintenance operation is programmed when equipment is used for production. The case studied here is a flow-shop typology where machines could be maintained once during the planning horizon. Machines are able to switch between two production modes. A nominal one and a degraded one where machine run slowly but increase its remaining useful life. We propose a mixed integer programming model for this problem with the makespan and maintenance delays objective. It allows to find the best schedule of production operation. It also produces, for each machine, the control mode and if necessary the preventive maintenance plan

AUTOMATED MODEL-BASED REORGANIZATION OF SPEECH-TO-TEXT TRANSCRIPTS

Techniques are presented herein that support the automated reorganization of a meeting transcript. According to the presented techniques, when a meeting is recorded it is first transcribed through an automated speech-to-text system. Then, the resulting raw document is decomposed into sections corresponding to different topics, the topics are reorganized into a more coherent and intelligible structure, and missing pieces of information may be identified and then added to the document. Such postprocessing increases the intelligibility and value of meeting transcriptions and ensures that they remain understandable and useful over the long term. Aspects of the presented techniques may leverage large language models (LLMs) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) capabilities

Hybrid prognostic method applied to mechatronic systems.

International audienceFault detection and isolation, or fault diagnostic, of mechatronic systems has been subject of several interesting works. Detecting and isolating faults may be convenient for some applications where the fault does not have severe consequences on humans as well as on the environment. However, in some situations, diagnosing faults may not be sufficient and one needs to anticipate the fault. This is what is done by fault prognostics. This latter activity aims at estimating the remaining useful life of systems by using three main approaches: data-driven prognostics, model-based prognostics and hybrid prognostics. In this paper, a hybrid prognostic method is proposed and applied on a mechatronic system. The method relies on two phases: an offline phase to build the behavior and degradation models and an online phase to assess the health state of the system and predict its remaining useful life

AUTOMATIC SMART FEATURE ASSIGNMENT FOR CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION FRAMEWORKS

Continuous integration of software among a variety of developers and teams engenders challenges involving task prioritization and efficient resource allocation. Presented herein are techniques that provide an overview of semantic and codebase dependencies for new features with respect to open bugs. Further, techniques presented herein provide an efficient method through which the development of new features can be assigned by leveraging the relationship between such features and open software bugs

SW-ELM : A summation wavelet extreme learning machine algorithm with a priori initialization.

International audienceCombining neural networks and wavelet theory as an approximation or prediction models appears to be an effective solution in many applicative areas. However, when building such systems, one has to face parsimony problem, i.e., to look for a compromise between the complexity of the learning phase and accuracy performances. Following that, the aim of this paper is to propose a new structure of connectionist network, the Summation Wavelet Extreme Learning Machine (SW-ELM) that enables good accuracy and generalization performances, while limiting the learning time and reducing the impact of random initialization procedure. SW-ELM is based on Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) algorithm for fast batch learning, but with dual activation functions in the hidden layer nodes. This enhances dealing with non-linearity in an efficient manner. The initialization phase of wavelets (of hidden nodes) and neural network parameters (of input-hidden layer) is performed a priori, even before data are presented to the model. The whole proposition is illustrated and discussed by performing tests on three issues related to time-series application: an "input-output" approximation problem, a one-step ahead prediction problem, and a multi-steps ahead prediction problem. Performances of SW-ELM are benchmarked with ELM, Levenberg Marquardt algorithm for Single Layer Feed Forward Network (SLFN) and ELMAN network on six industrial data sets. Results show the significance of performances achieved by SW-ELM