SUPERVIVENCIA DE ESPECIES DE PLANTAS EN BOSQUES ESTACIONALMENTE INUNDABLES EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA

The survival of species in a seasonally flooded forest leads to a better understanding of strategies for conservation and ecological restoration. This paper reports species tolerant to flooded areas by evaluating the survival of species planted for forest restoration. Of the seventeen species studied, five showed high potential for use in seasonally flooded forest restoration. In general, the species P. munguba, C. tapia, H. crepitans, S. reticulata and M. dubia had a survival rate higher than 50%. S. reticulata had the highest survival with 91,1% in non‑submergence conditions. However, C. tapia (65,6%) and M. dubia (52,8%) tolerated greater submergence. The survival of plants is directly related to characteristics of adaptation to periods and levels of flooding, which is also conditioned by the heterogeneous microtopography of Amazonian flooded forests.La supervivencia de especies en un bosque estacionalmente inundable abre paso a entender mejor las estrategias para fines de conservación y restauración ecológica. Este trabajo reporta especies tolerantes a áreas inundables, mediante la evaluación de supervivencia de especies sembradas para la restauración del bosque. De las diecisiete especies estudiadas, cinco mostraron alto potencial para ser utilizados en trabajos de restauración de bosques estacionalmente inundables. En general, las especies de P. munguba, C. tapia, H. crepitans, S. reticulata y M. dubia tuvieron un porcentaje de supervivencia mayor de 50%. Destacando S. reticulata que presentó mayor supervivencia con 91,1% en condiciones sin sumergencia. Sin embargo, C. tapia (65,6%) y M. dubia (52,8%) toleran mayor sumergencia. La supervivencia de plantas está directamente relacionada con las caracterı́sticas de adaptación a periodos y niveles de inundación, lo que se ve condicionada también por la heterogénea microtopografı́a propias de los bosques inundables amazónicos

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

PLANTS AND ANIMALS USED TO COMBAT THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN TWO INDIGENOUS TICUNA COMMUNITY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LORETO, PERU.

El COVID-19 golpeó las comunidades indígenas amazónicas del Perú durante dos años, fomentando la recuperación de conocimientos, prácticas y estrategias tradicionales para combatir sus síntomas. Presentamos las especies de plantas y animales usadas por dos comunidades ticuna del bajo Amazonas peruano durante la pandemia del COVID-19, describiendo la forma de preparación y administración de los preparados. La información se obtuvo a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a hombres y mujeres de las comunidades durante las dos primeras olas de la pandemia, de mayo del 2020 a junio del 2021. Las entrevistas fueron presenciales, en los trabajos de campo realizados en las comunidades, y virtuales, usando la vía telefónica y aplicaciones de mensajería disponibles en las comunidades o en los centros poblados mayores cercanos. Durante los trabajos de campo en Nueva Galilea se realizaron visitas a los puntos de colecta de las especies vegetales. Se identificaron catorce especies de plantas y tres especies de animales usados en la pandemia.  Las partes más usadas de las especies vegetales, en orden de importancia fueron las hojas, las raíces, los bulbos y los frutos, realizándose preparados en forma de infusiones, al fresco, en baños y en inhalaciones de vapor. Se evidencia cómo el conocimiento tradicional en el uso de las plantas y animales que curan, de manera integrada con la apropiación de conocimientos externos, sigue vigente en las comunidades ticuna. El conocimiento sobre las propiedades curativas de catorce especies de plantas y tres especies animales identificadas ha permitido combatir los síntomas de una enfermedad muy agresiva.COVID-19 hit the Amazonian indigenous communities of Peru for two consecutive years, forcing them to recover traditional knowledge, practices and strategies to combat it. We present the plant and animal species used by two Ticuna communities in the Peruvian Amazon during the COVID-19 pandemic, describing the preparation and administration of the preparations. The information was obtained from semi-structured interviews with men and women from the communities during the first two waves of the pandemic, from May 2020 to June 2021. The interviews were face-to-face, in the field work carried out in the communities, and virtual, using the telephone and messaging applications available in the communities or in the nearby major population centers. During the field work in Nueva Galilea, visits were made to the collection points of the plant species. Fourteen plant species and three animal species used in the pandemic were identified. The most used parts of the plant species, in order of importance, were the leaves, roots, bulbs and fruits, making preparations in the form of infusions, fresh, in baths and in steam inhalations. It is evident how traditional knowledge in the use of plants and animals that heal, in an integrated manner with the appropriation of external knowledge, is still valid in the Ticuna communities. Knowledge about the healing properties of fourteen plant species and three identified animal species has made it possible to combat the symptoms of a very aggressive disease

PLANTS AND ANIMALS USED TO COMBAT THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN TWO INDIGENOUS TICUNA COMMUNITY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LORETO, PERU.

El COVID-19 golpeó las comunidades indígenas amazónicas del Perú durante dos años, fomentando la recuperación de conocimientos, prácticas y estrategias tradicionales para combatir sus síntomas. Presentamos las especies de plantas y animales usadas por dos comunidades ticuna del bajo Amazonas peruano durante la pandemia del COVID-19, describiendo la forma de preparación y administración de los preparados. La información se obtuvo a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a hombres y mujeres de las comunidades durante las dos primeras olas de la pandemia, de mayo del 2020 a junio del 2021. Las entrevistas fueron presenciales, en los trabajos de campo realizados en las comunidades, y virtuales, usando la vía telefónica y aplicaciones de mensajería disponibles en las comunidades o en los centros poblados mayores cercanos. Durante los trabajos de campo en Nueva Galilea se realizaron visitas a los puntos de colecta de las especies vegetales. Se identificaron catorce especies de plantas y tres especies de animales usados en la pandemia.  Las partes más usadas de las especies vegetales, en orden de importancia fueron las hojas, las raíces, los bulbos y los frutos, realizándose preparados en forma de infusiones, al fresco, en baños y en inhalaciones de vapor. Se evidencia cómo el conocimiento tradicional en el uso de las plantas y animales que curan, de manera integrada con la apropiación de conocimientos externos, sigue vigente en las comunidades ticuna. El conocimiento sobre las propiedades curativas de catorce especies de plantas y tres especies animales identificadas ha permitido combatir los síntomas de una enfermedad muy agresiva.COVID-19 hit the Amazonian indigenous communities of Peru for two consecutive years, forcing them to recover traditional knowledge, practices and strategies to combat it. We present the plant and animal species used by two Ticuna communities in the Peruvian Amazon during the COVID-19 pandemic, describing the preparation and administration of the preparations. The information was obtained from semi-structured interviews with men and women from the communities during the first two waves of the pandemic, from May 2020 to June 2021. The interviews were face-to-face, in the field work carried out in the communities, and virtual, using the telephone and messaging applications available in the communities or in the nearby major population centers. During the field work in Nueva Galilea, visits were made to the collection points of the plant species. Fourteen plant species and three animal species used in the pandemic were identified. The most used parts of the plant species, in order of importance, were the leaves, roots, bulbs and fruits, making preparations in the form of infusions, fresh, in baths and in steam inhalations. It is evident how traditional knowledge in the use of plants and animals that heal, in an integrated manner with the appropriation of external knowledge, is still valid in the Ticuna communities. Knowledge about the healing properties of fourteen plant species and three identified animal species has made it possible to combat the symptoms of a very aggressive disease

Appendix A. A summary of phylogenetic signal tests.

A summary of phylogenetic signal tests

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such “monodominant” forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come