Measurement of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons with the CMS detector

This is the pre-print version of this Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 ElsevierWe present a measurement of the ratio of positive to negative muon fluxes from cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, using data collected by the CMS detector both at ground level and in the underground experimental cavern at the CERN LHC. Muons were detected in the momentum range from 5 GeV/c to 1 TeV/c. The surface flux ratio is measured to be 1.2766 \pm 0.0032(stat.) \pm 0.0032 (syst.), independent of the muon momentum, below 100 GeV/c. This is the most precise measurement to date. At higher momenta the data are consistent with an increase of the charge ratio, in agreement with cosmic ray shower models and compatible with previous measurements by deep-underground experiments

Differential host utilisation by different life history stages of the fish ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura)

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The future of religious education in Europe

This E-book is the result of a workshop on “The future of religious education in Europe”, hosted by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute in Florence on 28 October 2014.This small volume covers the entire conceptual range of approaches to religious education in public schools. The papers gathered in this publication cover the conceptual debate on the subject, ranging from a confessional approach to a sociological approach with an inclusive model as the middle-position. The different models diverge on how they define, in the context of public schooling for children aged 6 to 14 years, what religious education is aimed at: is that what should be conveyed knowledge about religion or instead religious knowledge? Should pupils become cognitively equipped to recognize and discuss religious diversity, or should they first become literate in one, presumably “their own” religious tradition?-- I Kristina Stoeckl – Knowledge about religion and religious knowledge in secular societies: introductory remarks to The future of religious education in Europe -- II Robert Jackson – Inclusive Study of Religions and other Worldviews in Publicly-funded Schools in Democratic Societies -- III Valeria Fabretti – Rethinking Religious Education sociologically: A contribution to the European debate and comparison -- IV Joachim Willems – Religious Education and the Student’s Fundamental Right to Freedom of Religion – Some Lessons and Questions from Germany -- V Matthias Scharer, Innsbruck – “Learning Religion” in the Presence of the Other: Provocation and Gift in Public Educatio

Measurement of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons with the CMS detector

We present a measurement of the ratio of positive to negative muon fluxes from cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, using data collected by the CMS detector both at ground level and in the underground experimental cavern at the CERN LHC. Muons were detected in the momentum range from 5 GeV/c to 1 TeV/c. The surface flux ratio is measured to be 1.2766 +/- 0.0032 (stat.) +/- 0.0032 (syst.), independent of the muon momentum, below 100 GeV/c. This is the most precise measurement to date. At higher momenta the data are consistent with an increase of the charge ratio, in agreement with cosmic ray shower models and compatible with previous measurements by deep-underground experiments. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V

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