Une première approche sur la transmission du chant diphonique en Mongolie

Transmis par l’oralité de génération en génération dans les provinces de l’Altaï, l’enseignement du chant diphonique mongol (höömij) est aussi entré dans les milieux urbains et la sphère institutionnelle de l’université dans les années 1990. Face aux changements sociaux rapides que la Mongolie a connus en moins d’un siècle, d’importantes transformations ont été apportées au chant diphonique. À travers trois générations, les pratiques de transmission du höömij ont évolué et des enjeux identitaires se sont progressivement installés entre les chanteurs de höömij, mais aussi dans le monde politique. La transmission du chant diphonique n’est plus la même lorsque l’on passe du local au global ni quand le höömij fait l’objet d’une inscription sur la liste représentative du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel de l’Unesco.Transmitted by orality from generation to generation in the Altai provinces, the teaching of Mongolian overtone singing (höömij) also entered in the urban areas and the institutional sphere of the university in the 1990s. Faced with rapid social changes that Mongolia has experienced in less than a century, major changes occurred in overtone singing. Through three generations, the practices of höömij transmission have evolved and identity issues have been gradually installed between the höömij singers, but also in the politic. The overtone singing’s transmission is not the same when we pass from local to global and when höömij is inscribed on the representative list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Unesco

Conséquences des invasions végétales sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes riverains fluviaux

Dans le contexte des invasions, l'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer dans quelle mesure l'origine des espèces végétales conditionne le fonctionnement d'un écosystème en situation de dominance. Cinq paires d'espèces autochtones dominantes (Agrostis stolonifera, Rubus caesius, Populus nigra, Urtica dioica et Salix alba) et introduites envahissantes (Paspalum distichum, Fallopia japonica, Buddleja davidii, Impatiens glandulifera et Acer negundo) ont été comparées en milieu riverain pour les processus de production primaire et de dégradation des litières. Ces études ont été complétées par une analyse détaillée des conséquences de l'invasion des ripisylves par A. negundo. Nos résultats montrent que si les espèces introduites envahissantes peuvent être plus efficaces dans la réalisation de certains processus écologiques, l'absence de coévolution entre les espèces introduites et les organismes des milieux récepteurs n'a pas d'implication systématique pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes.The objective of this work is to evaluate plant species origin importance for biological invasion consequences, through the analysis of the influence of native and exotic dominant plant species for ecosystem functioning. Five pairs of native dominant species (Agrostis stolonifera, Rubus caesius, Populus nigra, Urtica dioica et Salix alba) and exotic invasive species (Paspalum distichum, Fallopia japonica, Buddleja davidii, Impatiens glandulifera et Acer negundo) were compared for litter breakdown process and primary production. A more detailed analysis evaluates the consequences of A. negundo invasion for riparian forests. Our results indicate that the lack of coevolution between exotic species and the organisms of recipient areas has little implications for ecosystem functioning, even if exotic invasive species can be more efficient in some ecological processes. No general pattern can be drawn for functional consequences of native dominant species replacement by exotic invasive ones

γ-Catenin-Dependent Signals Maintain BCR-ABL1⁺ B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is the cause of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and of a significant fraction of adult-onset B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cases. Using mouse models and patient-derived samples, we identified an essential role for γ-catenin in the initiation and maintenance of BCR-ABL1 <sup>+</sup> B-ALL but not CML. The selectivity was explained by a partial γ-catenin dependence of MYC expression together with the susceptibility of B-ALL, but not CML, to reduced MYC levels. MYC and γ-catenin enabled B-ALL maintenance by augmenting BIRC5 and enforced BIRC5 expression overcame γ-catenin loss. Since γ-catenin was dispensable for normal hematopoiesis, these lineage- and disease-specific features of canonical Wnt signaling identified a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of BCR-ABL1 <sup>+</sup> B-ALL

Enjeux de conservation d’une zone humide d’eau douce méditerranéenne exceptionnelle : la Garâa Sejenane (Tunisie septentrionale)

Cet article a pour but d’évaluer les enjeux de conservation concernant la végétation hydrophytique de la plus grande zone humide naturelle d’eau douce de Tunisie, la Garâa Sejenane. Les 55 relevés phytosociologiques réalisés révèlent une richesse floristique exceptionnelle, avec 74 hydrophytes dont 26 sont à forte valeur patrimoniale. Des analyses multivariées (AFC, CHA) effectuées sur ces données distinguent trois types d’habitats : des cultures inondables, des marais temporaires, et des pelouses humides/mares temporaires. Leur cartographie montre une structure en 3 zones concentriques : une ceinture externe constituée de pelouses humides, de mares temporaires et de prairies fourragères sèches, une zone intermédiaire occupée par des marais temporaires et des prairies fourragères humides, et une zone centrale formée de cultures inondables. Un Indice de Rareté des Espèces très élevé, et des espèces à fort enjeu conservatoire (1 endémique stricte à la Garâa Sejenane, 5 espèces dont elle constitue l’unique localité tunisienne, et 2 espèces dont elle abrite les plus grandes populations nord-africaines) révèlent l’intérêt écologique et conservatoire majeur du site, et ceci malgré de fortes pressions anthropiques subies depuis les années 60. Dans le contexte actuel d’augmentation de la pression de perturbation, la conservation à long terme de cette biodiversité exceptionnelle nécessite la mise en place de mesures de gestion appropriées intégrant les populations locales.This study addresses the conservation issues of the hydrophytic vegetation of Garâa Sejenane, the largest natural freshwater wetland in Tunisia. Fifty-five phytosociological relevés reveal the exceptional floristic wealth, including 74 hydrophytes of which 26 are patrimonial species. Multivariate analyses (CA, AHC) differentiate three types of habitats: flooded crops, temporary marshes, and wet lawns/temporary pools. Their mapping shows concentric zones, including an external belt of wet lawns, temporary pools and dry fodder meadows, an intermediate belt of temporary marshes and wet fodder meadows, and a central area of flood crops. A high Species Rarity Index and the occurrence of several species with high conservation values (1 strictly endemic species to the Garâa Sejenane, 5 others that exist in Tunisia only in this site, and 2 species whose local populations are the largest in North Africa) confirm the major ecological and conservatory interest of the site, despite anthropogenic pressures on the Garâa Sejenane since the sixties. In the present-day context of increasing human pressure, the long-term conservation of this exceptional biodiversity needs the implementation of targeted management measures integrating local populations

Microwave imaging of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in fusion plasma

Microwave imaging diagnostics are extremely useful for observing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in magnetic fusion plasmas. Two imaging diagnostics will be available on the WEST tokamak. A method was developed to reconstruct electron density maps from electron density profiles measured by ultrafast reflectometry, a technique based on FM-CW radar principle. It relies on plasma rotation to perform 2D reconstruction. An Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostic will image directly the temperature fluctuations. It will be equivalent to 24 stacked vertically radiometers, each probing a spot of few centimetres. These two complementary techniques will contribute to the validation of MHD models.ope

Light interception principally drives the understory response to boxelder invasion in riparian forests

Since several decades, American boxelder (Acer negundo) is replacing white willow (Salix alba) riparian forests along southern European rivers. This study aims to evaluate the consequences of boxelder invasion on understory community in riparian areas. We determined the understory species richness, composition and biomass in boxelder and white willow stands located in three riparian forests, representative of three rivers with distinct hydrological regimes. We investigated correlation of these variables to soil moisture and particle size, main soil nutrient stocks, potential nitrification and denitrification, tree canopy cover and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) at the ground level. A greenhouse experiment was then conducted to identify the causal factors responsible for changes in the understory. The effect of soil type, PAR level and water level on the growth and the biomass production of Urtica dioica were examined. A lower plant species richness and biomass, and a modification of community composition were observed for boxelder understory in all sites, regardless of their environmental characteristics. The strongest modification that follows boxelder invasion was the decline in U. dioica, the dominant species of the white willow forest understory. These differences were mainly correlated with a lower incident PAR under boxelder canopy. The greenhouse experiment identified PAR level as the main factor responsible for the changes in U. dioica stem number and biomass. Our results indicate that adult boxelder acts as an ecosystem engineer that decreases light availability. The opportunistic invasion by boxelder leads to important understory changes, which could alter riparian ecosystem functioning

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for tumor diagnosis

10.1260/2040-2295.4.1.23Journal of Healthcare Engineering4123-4

A century of sexual abuse victimisation: A birth cohort analysis

This study examined changes in the reported prevalence of adult and child sexual abuse over the last century and explored how changes in social and political circumstances may have affected rates. Data from two population-based face-to-face surveys conducted in New Zealand (samples of 2855 women in 2003 and 1464 women in 2019) were used to produce birth cohort prevalence estimates of three forms of sexual abuse including by an intimate partner (lifetime and 12-month), by non-partners, and child sexual abuse. A timeline of major population influences that might be associated with violence occurrence was developed. There were no changes in reported lifetime intimate partner sexual abuse prevalence estimates found over the past century. The most recent birth cohort reported the lowest rates of 12-month prevalence estimates for intimate partner sexual abuse, lifetime rates of non-partner sexual abuse, and also suggest lower reported rates of child sexual abuse. Macro-social events including feminist movements, changes in legislation, and an increase in public awareness might have contributed to women's awareness about the non-acceptability of violent behaviour, and their ability to leave relationships after violence has occurred. This may have contributed to the small recent decreases in reported 12-month rate of sexual IPV and CSA, as women's ability to leave relationships may be protective for their children. The recent decrease in reported non-partner sexual violence may also be attributed to women's greater awareness of, and agency to avoid sexual abuse. The lack of change for the lifetime prevalence of sexual IPV over the past century highlights the need for ongoing prevention efforts. While recent reductions in reported rates of child and adult sexual abuse are encouraging, even reduced rates are high and warrant sustained implementation of prevention policies and programs