Models of Support for Caregivers and Patients with the Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Scoping Review

Background: In December 2019, an outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in the city of Wuhan, China. On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. In October 2021, with the advancement of the disease, the World Health Organization defined the post-COVID-19 condition. The post-COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, usually 3 months after the onset of the disease. The chronicity of COVID-19 has increased the importance of recognizing caregivers and their needs. Methods: We conducted a scoping review following international guidelines to map the models of support for caregivers and patients with the post-COVID-19 condition. The searches were conducted in electronic databases and the grey literature. The Population, Concept, and Context framework was used: Population: patients with the post-COVID-19 condition and caregivers; Concept: models of caregiver and patient support; and Context: post-COVID-19 condition. A total of 3258 records were identified through the electronic search, and 20 articles were included in the final sample. Results: The studies approached existing guidelines and health policies for post-COVID-19 condition patients and support services for patients and home caregivers such as telerehabilitation, multidisciplinary care, hybrid models of care, and follow-up services. Only one study specifically addressed the home caregivers of patients with this clinical condition. Conclusions: The review indicates that strategies such as telerehabilitation are effective for training and monitoring the patient–family dyad, but the conditions of access and digital literacy must be considered

EXTINÇÃO DA PUNIBILIDADE PELO PAGAMENTO INTEGRAL DO DÉBITO TRIBUTÁRIO EM DECISÃO DO STF: (DES)CRIMINALIZAÇÃO DOS ILÍCITOS FISCAIS?

This paper tackles the foundation of the Supreme Federal Court’s judgment in the trial about declaratory embargos of the prosecution 516/DF, decided by the majority, in a plenary session. The research wonders on which foundation the Supreme Federal Court (STF) based its understanding regarding the existence (or not) of a temporal benchmark for the full payment of tax debt to extinguish liability of fiscal crimes, as well as the consequences of the majority understanding in the criminal sphere. By using the methodologies of case study and content analysis, this paper aims at identifying the contributions of this case to understand the decriminalization of the crimes at stake, and whether or not the criminal tax law needs to exist. As a result, it was verified that the decriminalizing mechanism applied any time at the STF’s discretion makes the criminal tax law inefficient.El artículo se centra en la fundamentación de la sentencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en el juicio de los embargos declaratorios de la acción penal 516/DF, pronunciada por mayoría, en sesión plenaria. La investigación indaga qué fundamentos del entendimiento de la Corte Suprema de Justicia sobre la existencia o no de un marco temporal para que el pago integral de la deuda tributaria extinga la punibilidad de los delitos fiscales, así como las consecuencias del entendimiento mayoritario en la esfera penal. A través de la metodología de estudio de caso y análisis del contenido, se busca identificar las contribuciones del caso para la comprensión de la despenalización de los delitos en cuestión, de la necesidad o no de la existencia del derecho penal tributario. Como resultados obtenidos, se identifica que este mecanismo despenalizador, aplicado en el sentido que entiende la Corte Suprema de Justicia vuelve ineficaz el derecho penal tributario. O artigo se debruça sobre fundamentação de acórdão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) no julgamento dos embargos declaratórios da ação penal 516/DF, proferido por maioria, em sessão plenária. A pesquisa indaga quais os fundamentos do entendimento do STF sobre a existência ou não de marco temporal para que o pagamento integral do débito tributário extinga a punibilidade dos crimes fiscais, bem como as consequências do entendimento majoritário na esfera penal. Através da metodologia de estudo de caso e análise de conteúdo, busca-se identificar as contribuições do caso para compreensão da descriminalização dos delitos em questão, da necessidade ou não de existência do direito penal tributário. Como resultados obtidos, identifica-se que esse mecanismo despenalizador aplicado como vem entendendo o STF torna ineficaz o direito penal tributário

EXTINÇÃO DA PUNIBILIDADE PELO PAGAMENTO INTEGRAL DO DÉBITO TRIBUTÁRIO EM DECISÃO DO STF: (DES)CRIMINALIZAÇÃO DOS ILÍCITOS FISCAIS?

This paper tackles the foundation of the Supreme Federal Court’s judgment in the trial about declaratory embargos of the prosecution 516/DF, decided by the majority, in a plenary session. The research wonders on which foundation the Supreme Federal Court (STF) based its understanding regarding the existence (or not) of a temporal benchmark for the full payment of tax debt to extinguish liability of fiscal crimes, as well as the consequences of the majority understanding in the criminal sphere. By using the methodologies of case study and content analysis, this paper aims at identifying the contributions of this case to understand the decriminalization of the crimes at stake, and whether or not the criminal tax law needs to exist. As a result, it was verified that the decriminalizing mechanism applied any time at the STF’s discretion makes the criminal tax law inefficient.El artículo se centra en la fundamentación de la sentencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en el juicio de los embargos declaratorios de la acción penal 516/DF, pronunciada por mayoría, en sesión plenaria. La investigación indaga qué fundamentos del entendimiento de la Corte Suprema de Justicia sobre la existencia o no de un marco temporal para que el pago integral de la deuda tributaria extinga la punibilidad de los delitos fiscales, así como las consecuencias del entendimiento mayoritario en la esfera penal. A través de la metodología de estudio de caso y análisis del contenido, se busca identificar las contribuciones del caso para la comprensión de la despenalización de los delitos en cuestión, de la necesidad o no de la existencia del derecho penal tributario. Como resultados obtenidos, se identifica que este mecanismo despenalizador, aplicado en el sentido que entiende la Corte Suprema de Justicia vuelve ineficaz el derecho penal tributario. O artigo se debruça sobre fundamentação de acórdão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) no julgamento dos embargos declaratórios da ação penal 516/DF, proferido por maioria, em sessão plenária. A pesquisa indaga quais os fundamentos do entendimento do STF sobre a existência ou não de marco temporal para que o pagamento integral do débito tributário extinga a punibilidade dos crimes fiscais, bem como as consequências do entendimento majoritário na esfera penal. Através da metodologia de estudo de caso e análise de conteúdo, busca-se identificar as contribuições do caso para compreensão da descriminalização dos delitos em questão, da necessidade ou não de existência do direito penal tributário. Como resultados obtidos, identifica-se que esse mecanismo despenalizador aplicado como vem entendendo o STF torna ineficaz o direito penal tributário

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved