Glyphosate Resistant Palmer amaranth (\u3ci\u3eAmaranthus palmeri\u3c/i\u3e) management late-season and POST-harvest in corn production systems

The objectives of this research were to evaluate control options for glyphosate resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) latelate-season in corn systems and POST-harvest for the prevention of seed production. Our results determined that the best late-season control methods were treatments tank-mixed with dicamba plus diflufenzopyr. These tank-mixtures improved control from 10 to 46% [percent] over treatments without the dicamba premix. Tankmixtures with dicamba plus diflufenzopyr that provided weed control \u3e [greater than] 96% 28 DAA included s-metolachlor plus glyphosate plus mesotrione and tembotrione plus thiencarbazone. For the prevention of POST-harvest GR palmer amaranth seed production, our results determined that paraquat provides excellent initial control of existing vegetation but regrowth can occur from larger plants. The addition of a residual herbicide may aid in controlling regrowth as well as preventing plant germination. All treatments provided enough control for the prevention of seed production. Through implementation of POST-harvest management practices, 1200 seed per m2 [meter squared] was prevented from replenishing the soil seed bank. There were no adverse affects on wheat yield. From these results, we can conclude that when practicing POST only weed management strategies, application timing is vital for the prevention of corn loss and that implementation of late-season weed management programs can effectively reduce weed seed rain, therefore reducing weed seed bank densities

Detection And Characterization Of A Volatile Compound As A Response To Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda) Feeding In Maize (Zea Mays)

Maize (Zea mays) is an important agricultural crop frequently targeted by pests that pose a threat to plant development and survival. To deal with this problem, maize generates a wide variety of responses to attack by pests, from activation of woundresponse pathways to the release of volatile compounds. Several maize lines have been developed that show resistance to one common pest, the larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Analysis of the volatiles released by the resistant and susceptible lines in the presence and absence of the fall armyworm was conducted using SPME coupled to GC/MS. Caryophyllene, a commonly released plant volatile, was identified in the resistant line. In the susceptible line, caryophyllene was detected in smaller quantities or not at all. The results of a preference study demonstrated that fall armyworm larvae show a statistically significant preference for yellow-green whorl tissue from the susceptible over the resistant line

Detection And Characterization Of A Volatile Compound As A Response To Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda) Feeding In Maize (Zea Mays)

Maize (Zea mays) is an important agricultural crop frequently targeted by pests that pose a threat to plant development and survival. To deal with this problem, maize generates a wide variety of responses to attack by pests, from activation of woundresponse pathways to the release of volatile compounds. Several maize lines have been developed that show resistance to one common pest, the larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Analysis of the volatiles released by the resistant and susceptible lines in the presence and absence of the fall armyworm was conducted using SPME coupled to GC/MS. Caryophyllene, a commonly released plant volatile, was identified in the resistant line. In the susceptible line, caryophyllene was detected in smaller quantities or not at all. The results of a preference study demonstrated that fall armyworm larvae show a statistically significant preference for yellow-green whorl tissue from the susceptible over the resistant line

Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Helicoverpa zea Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of Resistance

Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020–2022. The study evaluated overall changes in the phenotypic frequency of resistance (the ratio of larval densities in Bt ears relative to densities in non-Bt ears) in H. zea populations and the range of resistance allele frequencies for Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa. The results revealed a widespread resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 Cry toxins, with higher numbers of larvae surviving in Bt ears than in non-Bt ears at many trial locations. Depending on assumptions about the inheritance of resistance, allele frequencies for Cry1Ab ranged from 0.465 (dominant resistance) to 0.995 (recessive resistance). Although Vip3Aa provided high control efficacy against H. zea, the results show a notable increase in ear damage and a number of surviving older larvae, particularly at southern locations. Assuming recessive resistance, the estimated resistance allele frequencies for Vip3Aa ranged from 0.115 in the Gulf states to 0.032 at more northern locations. These findings indicate that better resistance management practices are urgently needed to sustain efficacy the of corn and cotton that produce Vip3Aa

2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Reproductive Health in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154675/1/art41191.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154675/2/art41191_am.pd

A novel two-score system for interferon status segregates autoimmune diseases and correlates with clinical features

Measurement of type I interferon (IFN-I) has potential to diagnose and stratify autoimmune diseases, but existing results have been inconsistent. Interferon-stimulated-gene (ISG) based methods may be afected by the modularity of the ISG transcriptome, cell-specifc expression, response to IFN-subtypes and bimodality of expression. We developed and clinically validated a 2-score system (IFN-Score-A and -B) using Factor Analysis of 31 ISGs measured by TaqMan selected from 3-IFN-annotated modules. We evaluated these scores using in-vitro IFN stimulation as well as in sorted cells then clinically validated in a cohort of 328 autoimmune disease patients and healthy controls. ISGs varied in response to IFNsubtypes and both scores varied between cell subsets. IFN-Score-A diferentiated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) from both Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Healthy Controls (HC) (both p<0.001), while IFN-Score-B diferentiated SLE and RA from HC (both p<0.001). In SLE, both scores were associated with cutaneous and hematological (all p<0.05) but not musculoskeletal disease activity. Comparing with bimodal (IFN-high/low) classifcation, signifcant diferences in IFN-scores were found between diagnostic groups within the IFN-high group. Our continuous 2-score system is more clinically relevant than a simple bimodal classifcation of IFN status. This system should allow improvement in diagnosis, stratifcation, and therapy in IFN-mediated autoimmunity

Treatment of anorexia nervosa:A multimethod investigation translating experimental neuroscience into clinical practice

Background Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric condition and evidence on how to best treat it is limited. Objectives This programme consists of seven integrated work packages (WPs) and aims to develop and test disseminable and cost-effective treatments to optimise management for people with AN across all stages of illness. Methods WP1a used surveys, focus groups and a pre–post trial to develop and evaluate a training programme for school staff on eating disorders (EDs). WP1b used a randomised controlled trial (RCT) [International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 42594993] to evaluate a prevention programme for EDs in schools. WP2a evaluated an inpatient treatment for AN using case reports, interviews and a quasi-experimental trial. WP2b used a RCT (ISRCTN67720902) to evaluate two outpatient psychological therapies for AN. WP3 used a RCT (ISRCTN06149665) to evaluate an intervention for carers of inpatients with AN. WP4 used actimetry, self-report and endocrine assessment to examine physical activity (PA) in AN. WP5 conducted a RCT (ISRCTN18274621) of an e-mail-guided relapse prevention programme for inpatients with AN. WP6 analysed cohort data to examine the effects of maternal EDs on fertility and their children’s diet and growth. WP7a examined clinical case notes to explore how access to specialist ED services affects care pathways and user experiences. Finally, WP7b used data from this programme and the British Cohort Study (1970) to identify the costs of services used by people with AN and to estimate annual costs of AN for England. Results WP1a: a brief training programme improved knowledge, attitudes and confidence of school staff in managing EDs in school. WP1b: a teacher-delivered intervention was feasible and improved risk factors for EDs in adolescent girls. WP2a: both psychological therapies improved outcomes in outpatients with AN similarly, but patients preferred one of the treatments. WP2b: the inpatient treatment (Cognitive Remediation and Emotional Skills Training) was acceptable with perceived benefits by patients, but showed no benefits compared with treatment as usual (TAU). WP3: compared with TAU, the carer intervention improved a range of patient and carer outcomes, including carer burden and patient ED symptomatology. WP4: drive to exercise is tied to ED pathology and a desire to improve mood in AN patients. PA was not increased in these patients. WP5: compared with TAU, the e-mail-guided relapse prevention programme resulted in higher body mass index and lower distress in patients at 12 months after discharge. WP6: women with an ED had impaired fertility and their children had altered dietary and growth patterns compared with the children of women without an ED. WP7a: direct access to specialist ED services was associated with higher referral rates, lower admission rates, greater consistency of care and user satisfaction. WP7b: the annual costs of AN in England are estimated at between £45M and £230M for 2011. Conclusions This programme has produced evidence to inform future intervention development and has developed interventions that can be disseminated to improve outcomes for individuals with AN. Directions for future research include RCTs with longer-term outcomes and sufficient power to examine mediators and moderators of change. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN42594993, ISRCTN67720902, ISRCTN06149665 and ISRCTN18274621

The Compounding Stresses of Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliveira), on the Growth and Development of Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L

The objectives of this research were to evaluate management options for tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliverira), in cotton productions systems. When evaluating tillage practices for pest control, conservational tillage reduced thrips densities and damage, while the impact on nematode densities is less understood and in this study had no impact. Insecticide seed treatments remain a vital resource for controlling thrips in Mid-South cotton production systems. When incorporating an early season herbicide application for weed control, systems with an insecticide seed treatment generally tolerated herbicide injury better than those with early season stress from thrips and nematodes. When using foliar applications as an alternative option for thrips management, early season automatic applications at the cotyledon stage followed by one or two sequential applications provided similar efficacy to the insecticide seed treatment. For reniform nematode management, 1, 3-dichloropropene reduced densities lower than that of the untreated control or aldicarb; however, depending on environmental conditions this practice may not result in yield increases great enough to warrant the cost of application. These data highlight the importance of effective control of thrips whether it be via at-planting or foliar applications. 1, 3-dichloropropene reduced nematode densities and is an effective option in nematode management; however, nematodes are a stress pathogen and the ability to minimize other seasonal stresses ,such as water stress, will determine if a nematicide application may be needed. While environmental conditions may be optimal to allow for plant recoverability, effective early season pest management decreases the potential for delayed crop maturity which could lead to increased input cost or reduced yield later in the season