Análisis del contrato de prestación de servicios en entidades del estado en el municipio de Quibdó periodo 2015-2017

CD-T 342.068 6 A93; 62 pPara el presente trabajo se tiene como objetivo, identificar el nivel de incidencia de los contratos de prestaciones de servicios a la gestión en el municipio de Quibdó frente a los de procedencia de la contratación directa. Para ello se aplicó una investigación de carácter descriptiva, puesto que permite dar una descripción de las respectivas características del problema, y además de los objetivos presentados, en relación con la incidencia de los contratos de prestaciones de servicios a la gestión en el municipio de Quibdó, frente a los de procedencia de contratación directa, además de empelo el método de análisis y síntesis, logrando visualizar los los limitantes y la jurisprudencia respecto a la contratación de servicios, dentro del período 2015-2017 en Quibdó.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereir

Análisis del contrato de prestación de servicios en entidades del estado en el municipio de Quibdó periodo 2015-2017

CD-T 342.068 6 A93; 62 pPara el presente trabajo se tiene como objetivo, identificar el nivel de incidencia de los contratos de prestaciones de servicios a la gestión en el municipio de Quibdó frente a los de procedencia de la contratación directa. Para ello se aplicó una investigación de carácter descriptiva, puesto que permite dar una descripción de las respectivas características del problema, y además de los objetivos presentados, en relación con la incidencia de los contratos de prestaciones de servicios a la gestión en el municipio de Quibdó, frente a los de procedencia de contratación directa, además de empelo el método de análisis y síntesis, logrando visualizar los los limitantes y la jurisprudencia respecto a la contratación de servicios, dentro del período 2015-2017 en Quibdó.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereir

Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin from microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis

La Astaxantina es un carotenoide perteneciente a la familia de las xantofilas por la presencia de oxígeno en su estructura química. Su uso se ha difundido en la industria farmacéutica y pecuaria, siendo la primera la que más potencial presenta debido a su uso como antioxidante. Existen diferentes fuentes para la obtención de astaxantina, sin embargo; en los últimos años ha tomado gran relevancia la obtención de esta biomolécula a partir de microorganismos fotosintéticos como las microalgas, las cuales pueden producir diferentes metabolitos aprovechando la energía solar y capturando el CO2 de la atmósfera. Se ha encontrado que la microalga Haematococcus pluvialis es una de las microalgas que mayor potencial presenta en la producción de astaxantina. Esta producción  se realiza bajo condiciones de estrés por represión de nutrientes, intensidades de luz, entre otros.  Debido a la importancia que reviste la astaxantina y su aprovechamiento a nivel industrial se han evaluado diferentes métodos para su extracción y cuantificación tales como: extracción con solvente, con fluidos supercríticos, cuantificación por HPLC con fase reversa acoplada a espectrofotometría de masas, siendo éstos los más desarrollados para este tipo biomolécula, la cual se ha cuantificado en el espectro UV/Visible por las características propias de la molécula, como son sus enlaces conjugados. Sin embargo, al tratarse de un carotenoide cada una de las metodologías de extracción y cuantificación deben ser evaluadas cuidadosamente con el fin de que ésta no sea degradada. El presente artículo presenta una breve descripción de los métodos más usado en la extracción y cuantificación de la astaxantina de H. pluvialis y las perspectivas de uso de esta biomolécula. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid belonging to the family of xanthophylls by the presence of oxygen in their chemical structure. Use is widespread in the pharmaceutical industry and pisciculture, with the first presents the greatest potential because of its use as an antioxidant. There are different sources for obtaining astaxanthin, however; in recent years has become very important to obtain this biomolecule from photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae, which can produce different metabolites using solar energy and capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. It has found that the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is one of the microalgae has the greatest potential in the production of astaxanthin. This production is performed under conditions of stress by suppressing nutrients, light intensity, and others. Because of the importance which is of astaxanthin and its use at industrial level have been evaluated different methods for extraction and quantification of such as solvent extraction, supercritical fluid, quantification by reverse phase HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry, with the most often developed for this type biomolecule, which has quantified in the UV /Visible by the characteristics of the molecule, as are their conjugated bonds. However, being a carotenoid each of the methods of extraction and quantification must be carefully evaluated in order that it not degraded. This article presents a brief description of the methods used in the extraction and quantification of astaxanthin H. pluvialis and prospects for use of this biomolecule

Sperm death and dumping in Drosophila

Mating with more than one male is the norm for females of many species. In addition to generating competition between the ejaculates of different males, multiple mating may allow females to bias sperm use. In Drosophila melanogaster, the last male to inseminate a female sires approximately 80% of subsequent progeny. Both sperm displacement, where resident sperm are removed from storage by the incoming ejaculate of the copulating male, and sperm incapacitation, where incoming seminal fluids supposedly interfere with resident sperm, have been implicated in this pattern of sperm use. But the idea of incapacitation is problematic because there are no known mechanisms by which an individual could damage rival sperm and not their own. Females also influence the process of sperm use, but exactly how is unclear. Here we show that seminal fluids do not kill rival sperm and that any 'incapacitation' is probably due to sperm ageing during sperm storage. We also show that females release stored sperm from the reproductive tract (sperm dumping) after copulation with a second male and that this requires neither incoming sperm nor seminal fluids. Instead, males may cause stored sperm to be dumped or females may differentially eject sperm from the previous mating

Resonance-free Region in scattering by a strictly convex obstacle

We prove the existence of a resonance free region in scattering by a strictly convex obstacle with the Robin boundary condition. More precisely, we show that the scattering resonances lie below a cubic curve which is the same as in the case of the Neumann boundary condition. This generalizes earlier results on cubic poles free regions obtained for the Dirichlet boundary condition.Comment: 29 pages, 2 figure

Transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized-zirconia calvarium prosthesis

UnlabelledLaser-based diagnostics and therapeutics show promise for many neurological disorders. However, the poor transparency of cranial bone (calvaria) limits the spatial resolution and interaction depth that can be achieved, thus constraining opportunity in this regard. Herein, we report preliminary results from efforts seeking to address this limitation through use of novel transparent cranial implants made from nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (nc-YSZ). Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of underlying brain in an acute murine model, we show that signal strength is improved when imaging through nc-YSZ implants relative to native cranium. As such, this provides initial evidence supporting the feasibility of nc-YSZ as a transparent cranial implant material. Furthermore, it represents a crucial first step towards realization of an innovative new concept we are developing, which seeks to eventually provide a clinically-viable means for optically accessing the brain, on-demand, over large areas, and on a chronically-recurring basis, without need for repeated craniectomies.From the clinical editorIn this study, transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized-zirconia is used as an experimental "cranium prosthesis" material, enabling the replacement of segments of cranial bone with a material that allows for optical access to the brain on a recurrent basis using optical imaging methods such as OCT

Postmating Female Control: 20 Years of Cryptic Female Choice

Cryptic female choice (CFC) represents postmating intersexual selection arising from female-driven mechanisms at or after mating that bias sperm use and impact male paternity share. Although biologists began to study CFC relatively late, largely spurred by Eberhard's book published 20 years ago, the field has grown rapidly since then. Here, we review empirical progress to show that numerous female processes offer potential for CFC, from mating through to fertilization, although seldom has CFC been clearly demonstrated. We then evaluate functional implications, and argue that, under some conditions, CFC might have repercussions for female fitness, sexual conflict, and intersexual coevolution, with ramifications for related evolutionary phenomena, such as speciation. We conclude by identifying directions for future research in this rapidly growing field

Graz. Schloßberg.

Blick zum Schloßberg mit Hauptbrück

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: “AbSeS”, a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project

Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). Methods: We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. Conclusion: This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection