GHIA (Grupo de Herramientas Interactivas Avanzadas)

Es este documento se resumen las principales líneas actuales de investigación del grupo GHIA en lo que a informática educativa se refiere, así como su contexto y proyectos de futuro.This document summarizes the main research areas of GHIA regarding computer based learning, as well as its context and future work.En el momento actual, agradecemos su apoyo a los proyectos ASIES (TIN2010-17344) y Go-Lite (TIN2011-24139), financiados por el Ministerio de Educación, y al proyecto e-Madrid (S2009/TIC-1650), financiado por la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid

Conserving Ecosystem Diversity in the Tropical Andes

Documenting temporal trends in the extent of ecosystems is essential to monitoring their status but combining this information with the degree of protection helps us assess the effectiveness of societal actions for conserving ecosystem diversity and related ecosystem services. We demonstrated indicators in the Tropical Andes using both potential (pre-industrial) and recent (~2010) distribution maps of terrestrial ecosystem types. We measured long-term ecosystem loss, representation of ecosystem types within the current protected areas, quantifying the additional representation offered by protecting Key Biodiversity Areas. Six (4.8%) ecosystem types (i.e., measured as 126 distinct vegetation macrogroups) have lost >50% in extent across four Andean countries since pre-industrial times. For ecosystem type representation within protected areas, regarding the pre-industrial extent of each type, a total of 32 types (25%) had higher representation (>30%) than the post-2020 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) draft target in existing protected areas. Just 5 of 95 types (5.2%) within the montane Tropical Andes hotspot are currently represented with >30% within the protected areas. Thirty-nine types (31%) within these countries could cross the 30% CBD 2030 target with the addition of Key Biodiversity Areas. This indicator is based on the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) and responds directly to the needs expressed by the users of these countries

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

A evolução clínica do paciente portador de abscesso pulmonar: Clinical evolution of patients with lung abscess

Atualmente, com a era da antibioticoterapia e demais meios terapêuticos, o abscesso pulmonar decaiu em termos de morbimortalidade, mas ainda permanece como um desafio em termos diagnósticos e manejo clínico. O abscesso pulmonar corresponde a uma cavidade com pus no pulmão, envolvido por tecido inflamado e geralmente oriunda de uma infecção. O artigo objetivou descrever de modo narrativo a evolução clínica do portador de abscesso pulmonar, ressaltando os principais dados para a compreensão deste fenômeno. Um abscesso pulmonar é causado principalmente por bactérias existentes na boca ou garganta, a qual são aspiradas até os pulmões. A sintomatologia é inespecífica, abordando fadiga, inapetência, sudorese noturna, febre, perda ponderal e tosse com expectoração. O quadro clínico geralmente necessita do complemento de exames de imagem, principalmente a radiografia torácica para diagnóstic

Current status in other finfish species: Description of current genomic resources for the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and soles (Solea senegalensis and Solea solea)

The gilthead seabream and the soles, Senegalese sole and common sole, are important species in Mediterranean aquaculture. In this chapter, a review of the current genomic resources available for these species is carried out. First, transcriptome information, their main characteristics, and the high-throughput gene expression tools developed in these three species are described. Second, the current genetic maps and their applications for the identification of QTLs for traits of interest in aquaculture are also reported. Moreover, the main features of Senegalese sole genome draft are analyzed and its structure is compared with other Acanthopterygii confirming a high degree of synteny that allows for comparative genomic studies. To show the relevance of these genomic resources to enhance the aquaculture procedures, the SoleaDB database that hosts the genomic information for soles is described. Moreover, main results obtained using transcriptomic tools to decipher the regulatory pathways that control larval development, nutrition and metabolism, as well as the health and welfare status are reviewed. Future directions of genomic research and the impact of novel species-specific applications and resources are highlighted

Genome-wide gene expression analysis during <em>solea sp.</em> embryo-larval development

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GHIA (Grupo de Herramientas Interactivas Avanzadas), UAM

Es este documento se resumen las principales líneas actuales de investigación del grupo GHIA en lo que a informática educativa se refiere, así como su contexto y proyectos de futuro.This document summarizes the main research areas of GHIA regarding computer based learning, as well as its context and future work

De novo assembly, characterization and functional annotation of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and common sole (Solea solea) transcriptomes: integration in a database and design of a microarray

Background Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and common sole (S. solea) are two economically and evolutionary important flatfish species both in fisheries and aquaculture. Although some genomic resources and tools were recently described in these species, further sequencing efforts are required to establish a complete transcriptome, and to identify new molecular markers. Moreover, the comparative analysis of transcriptomes will be useful to understand flatfish evolution. Results A comprehensive characterization of the transcriptome for each species was carried out using a large set of Illumina data (more than 1,800 millions reads for each sole species) and 454 reads (more than 5 millions reads only in S. senegalensis), providing coverages ranging from 1,384x to 2,543x. After a de novo assembly, 45,063 and 38,402 different transcripts were obtained, comprising 18,738 and 22,683 full-length cDNAs in S. senegalensis and S. solea, respectively. A reference transcriptome with the longest unique transcripts and putative non-redundant new transcripts was established for each species. A subset of 11,953 reference transcripts was qualified as highly reliable orthologs (>97% identity) between both species. A small subset of putative species-specific, lineage-specific and flatfish-specific transcripts were also identified. Furthermore, transcriptome data permitted the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms and simple-sequence repeats confirmed by FISH to be used in further genetic and expression studies. Moreover, evidences on the retention of crystallins crybb1, crybb1-like and crybb3 in the two species of soles are also presented. Transcriptome information was applied to the design of a microarray tool in S. senegalensis that was successfully tested and validated by qPCR. Finally, transcriptomic data were hosted and structured at SoleaDB. Conclusions Transcriptomes and molecular markers identified in this study represent a valuable source for future genomic studies in these economically important species. Orthology analysis provided new clues regarding sole genome evolution indicating a divergent evolution of crystallins in flatfish. The design of a microarray and establishment of a reference transcriptome will be useful for large-scale gene expression studies. Moreover, the integration of transcriptomic data in the SoleaDB will facilitate the management of genomic information in these important species