Biopolymer Test Kit for Colorimetric Detection of Chlorine in Water

The objective of the study was to fabricate the colorimetric sensor of biodegradable material for free chlorine determination. The colorimetric reagent of N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate (DPD) was entrapped in the hybrid biopolymer film of agar (AG) and tapioca starch (TAS) and it was coated on the plastic micro-PCR tube. The pink product obtained from the reaction between DPD reagent and chlorine could indicate the presence of residual chlorine in the water.  The condition for the sensor film synthesis was optimized by the digital image analytical technique with mobile phone application. The results were showed that Red-Green-Blue (RGB) intensity of reaction product was not changed, even through the DPD reagent was added over 0.2 g/mL. The addition of 16 g/L EDTA in the buffer solution could reduce the interference effect from some metals, especially Fe3+, contaminated in water sample. The water pH could be maintained for best analysis at the volume ratio between buffer and DPD solution of 0.5:1. The incubation of colorimetric film at 60 °C and 60 minutes provided the best sensor performance with fast analysis of 1 min reaction time. In conjunction with the digital image colorimetry (DIC), the developed test kit did not provided only the qualitative information, but the rapid quantitative analysis could be also fulfilled. A wide linear range of 0.3 to 15 mg/L chlorine concentration with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was achieved by this coupled technique. The application of biopolymer film to various kind of real water samples showed the good performances, which were comparable with the standard spectrophotometry (no significantly different results at 95% confidence level). These could promote the use of biopolymer test kit as the environmentally-friendly analytical method for chlorine in water

Microcrystalline testing used in combination with Raman micro-spectroscopy for absolute identification of novel psychoactive substances

Two new psychoactive substances, namely 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) were analysed with a novel combination of microcrystalline tests followed by Raman micro-spectroscopy to facilitate their absolute identification. The discrimination power of the proposed combination was successfully demonstrated through the analysis of the positional isomers 2- and 3-methylmethcathinone. The addition of mercury dichloride as a microcrystalline test reagent produced specific microcrystals of each tested analyte. The robustness of the method was evaluated in the presence of common cutting agents (caffeine and benzocaine) as well as on street samples. The crystal lattice structures of mephedrone, 2-methylmethcathinone and MDAI mercury dichloride microcrystals were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This confirmed the presence of both drug and reagent together in the lattice and accounts for the distinct habit of the observed microcrystals. Raman spectra of the formed microcrystals differed from those obtained from their standard salt form by loss and/or gain of some vibrational modes. Particularly important was the appearance of the mercury chloride link to each tested drug molecule which showed as strong bands at low wavenumbers. Its presence was corroborated by its detection in the crystal lattice. It was therefore concluded that microcrystalline testing followed by Raman micro-spectroscopy satisfies the technique combination requirement for psychoactive substances recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) and provides a rapid and cheap analysis route. The proposed technique combination also aids the development of new microcrystalline tests as it allows for confirmation of the uniqueness of the developed microcrystals almost in-situ rather than growing single crystals for often long periods of time needed for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis

Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Probes for the Detection of Illicit Drugs

[EN] The consumption of illicit drugs has increased exponentially in recent years and has become a problem that worries both governments and international institutions. The rapid emergence of new compounds, their easy access, the low levels at which these substances are able to produce an effect, and their short time of permanence in the organism make it necessary to develop highly rapid, easy, sensitive, and selective methods for their detection. Currently, the most widely used methods for drug detection are based on techniques that require large measurement times, the use of sophisticated equipment, and qualified personnel. Chromo- and fluorogenic methods are an alternative to those classical procedures.We thank the Spanish Government [projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1-R and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER)] and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEOII/2014/047) for support. S.E.S thanks the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for his Juan de la Cierva contract. B.L.T and E.G. thank the Spanish Government for their predoctoral grants. L.P. also thanks the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for his predoctoral grant.Garrido-García, EM.; Pla, L.; Lozano-Torres, B.; El Sayed Shehata Nasr, S.; Martínez-Máñez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F. (2018). Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Probes for the Detection of Illicit Drugs. ChemistryOpen. 7(5):401-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201800034S40142875Komoroski, E. M., Komoroski, R. A., Valentine, J. L., Pearce, J. M., & Kearns, G. L. (2000). The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Detection of Drug Intoxication. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 24(3), 180-187. doi:10.1093/jat/24.3.180Drugs of Abuse: A DEA Resource Guide 2017World Drug Report 2017European Drug Report: Trends and Developments 2017Namera, A., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., & Nagao, M. (2011). Colorimetric detection and chromatographic analyses of designer drugs in biological materials: a comprehensive review. Forensic Toxicology, 29(1), 1-24. doi:10.1007/s11419-010-0107-9Namera, A., Kawamura, M., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., & Nagao, M. (2015). Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicology, 33(2), 175-194. doi:10.1007/s11419-015-0270-0Kidwell, D. A., Holland, J. C., & Athanaselis, S. (1998). Testing for drugs of abuse in saliva and sweat. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 713(1), 111-135. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00572-0Cappelle, D., De Doncker, M., Gys, C., Krysiak, K., De Keukeleire, S., Maho, W., … Neels, H. (2017). A straightforward, validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of nine drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair and nails. Analytica Chimica Acta, 960, 101-109. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.022Koster, R. A., Alffenaar, J.-W. C., Greijdanus, B., VanDerNagel, J. E. L., & Uges, D. R. A. (2014). Fast and Highly Selective LC-MS/MS Screening for THC and 16 Other Abused Drugs and Metabolites in Human Hair to Monitor Patients for Drug Abuse. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 36(2), 234-243. doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182a377e8Li, Y., Uddayasankar, U., He, B., Wang, P., & Qin, L. (2017). Fast, Sensitive, and Quantitative Point-of-Care Platform for the Assessment of Drugs of Abuse in Urine, Serum, and Whole Blood. Analytical Chemistry, 89(16), 8273-8281. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01288De la Asunción-Nadal, V., Armenta, S., Garrigues, S., & de la Guardia, M. (2017). Identification and determination of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products by dry film attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. Talanta, 167, 344-351. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.026Risoluti, R., Materazzi, S., Gregori, A., & Ripani, L. (2016). Early detection of emerging street drugs by near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Talanta, 153, 407-413. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.044Andreou, C., Hoonejani, M. R., Barmi, M. R., Moskovits, M., & Meinhart, C. D. (2013). Rapid Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Saliva Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Microfluidics. ACS Nano, 7(8), 7157-7164. doi:10.1021/nn402563fHe, S., Liu, D., Wang, Z., Cai, K., & Jiang, X. (2011). Utilization of unmodified gold nanoparticles in colorimetric detection. Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 54(10), 1757-1765. doi:10.1007/s11433-011-4486-7Substance Abuse (Depressants or Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs) 2014Zhai, D., Agrawalla, B. K., Eng, P. S. F., Lee, S.-C., Xu, W., & Chang, Y.-T. (2013). Development of a fluorescent sensor for an illicit date rape drug – GBL. Chemical Communications, 49(55), 6170. doi:10.1039/c3cc43153cZhai, D., Tan, Y. Q. E., Xu, W., & Chang, Y.-T. (2014). Development of a fluorescent sensor for illicit date rape drug GHB. Chemical Communications, 50(22), 2904. doi:10.1039/c3cc49603aBaumes, L. A., Buaki Sogo, M., Montes-Navajas, P., Corma, A., & Garcia, H. (2010). 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New Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Dextromethorphan in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Analytical Sciences, 30(3), 419-425. doi:10.2116/analsci.30.419Mohseni, N., & Bahram, M. (2016). Mean centering of ratio spectra for colorimetric determination of morphine and codeine in pharmaceuticals and biological samples using melamine modified gold nanoparticles. Anal. Methods, 8(37), 6739-6747. doi:10.1039/c6ay02091gSAKAI, T., & OHNO, N. (1986). Spectrophotometric determination of stimulant drugs in urine by color reaction with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester. Analytical Sciences, 2(3), 275-279. doi:10.2116/analsci.2.275Sakai, T., & Ohno, N. (1987). Improved determination of methamphetamine, ephedrine and methylephedrine in urine by extraction-thermospectrometry. The Analyst, 112(2), 149. doi:10.1039/an9871200149Argente-García, A., Jornet-Martínez, N., Herráez-Hernández, R., & Campíns-Falcó, P. (2016). A solid colorimetric sensor for the analysis of amphetamine-like street samples. Analytica Chimica Acta, 943, 123-130. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.020Guler, E., Yilmaz Sengel, T., Gumus, Z. P., Arslan, M., Coskunol, H., Timur, S., & Yagci, Y. (2017). Mobile Phone Sensing of Cocaine in a Lateral Flow Assay Combined with a Biomimetic Material. Analytical Chemistry, 89(18), 9629-9632. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03017Choodum, A., Parabun, K., Klawach, N., Daeid, N. N., Kanatharana, P., & Wongniramaikul, W. (2014). Real time quantitative colourimetric test for methamphetamine detection using digital and mobile phone technology. Forensic Science International, 235, 8-13. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.11.018Choodum, A., Kanatharana, P., Wongniramaikul, W., & NicDaeid, N. (2015). A sol–gel colorimetric sensor for methamphetamine detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 215, 553-560. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.03.089Moreno, D., Greñu, B. D. de, García, B., Ibeas, S., & Torroba, T. (2012). A turn-on fluorogenic probe for detection of MDMA from ecstasy tablets. Chemical Communications, 48(24), 2994. doi:10.1039/c2cc17823kFu, Y., Shi, L., Zhu, D., He, C., Wen, D., He, Q., … Cheng, J. (2013). Fluorene–thiophene-based thin-film fluorescent chemosensor for methamphetamine vapor by thiophene–amine interaction. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 180, 2-7. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2011.10.031He, M., Peng, H., Wang, G., Chang, X., Miao, R., Wang, W., & Fang, Y. (2016). Fabrication of a new fluorescent film and its superior sensing performance to N-methamphetamine in vapor phase. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 227, 255-262. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.12.048Lozano-Torres, B., Pascual, L., Bernardos, A., Marcos, M. D., Jeppesen, J. O., Salinas, Y., … Sancenón, F. (2017). Pseudorotaxane capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) detection in water. Chemical Communications, 53(25), 3559-3562. doi:10.1039/c7cc00186jHe, C., He, Q., Deng, C., Shi, L., Fu, Y., Cao, H., & Cheng, J. (2011). Determination of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride by highly fluorescent polyfluorene with NH2-terminated side chains. Synthetic Metals, 161(3-4), 293-297. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.11.038Masseroni, D., Biavardi, E., Genovese, D., Rampazzo, E., Prodi, L., & Dalcanale, E. (2015). A fluorescent probe for ecstasy. Chemical Communications, 51(64), 12799-12802. doi:10.1039/c5cc04760aReviriego, F., Navarro, P., García-España, E., Albelda, M. T., Frías, J. C., Domènech, A., … Ortí, E. (2008). Diazatetraester 1H-Pyrazole Crowns as Fluorescent Chemosensors for AMPH, METH, MDMA (Ecstasy), and Dopamine. Organic Letters, 10(22), 5099-5102. doi:10.1021/ol801732tYamada, H., Ikeda-Wada, S., & Oguri, K. (1999). Highly Specific and Convenient Color Reaction for Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Related Drugs Using Chromotropic Acid. Application as a Drug Screening Test. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE, 45(6), 303-308. doi:10.1248/jhs.45.303Matsuda, K., Fukuzawa, T., Ishii, Y., & Yamada, H. (2007). Color reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines with chromotropic acid: its improvement and application to the screening of seized tablets. Forensic Toxicology, 25(1), 37-40. doi:10.1007/s11419-007-0022-xRouhani, S., & Haghgoo, S. (2015). A novel fluorescence nanosensor based on 1,8-naphthalimide-thiophene doped silica nanoparticles, and its application to the determination of methamphetamine. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 209, 957-965. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.12.035Maue, M., & Schrader, T. (2005). A Color Sensor for Catecholamines. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(15), 2265-2270. doi:10.1002/anie.200462702Maue, M., & Schrader, T. (2005). A Color Sensor for Catecholamines. Angewandte Chemie, 117(15), 2305-2310. doi:10.1002/ange.200462702Mosnaim, A. D., & Inwang, E. E. (1973). A spectrophotometric method for the quantification of 2-phenylethylamine in biological specimens. Analytical Biochemistry, 54(2), 561-577. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(73)90388-6Wang, D., Liu, T.-J., Zhang, W.-C., Zhang, W.-C., Slaven IV, W. T., & Li, C.-J. (1998). Enantiomeric discrimination of chiral amines with new fluorescent chemosensors. Chemical Communications, (16), 1747-1748. doi:10.1039/a802855iEl-Didamony, A. M., & Gouda, A. A. (2010). A novel spectrofluorimetric method for the assay of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations via derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. Luminescence, 26(6), 510-517. doi:10.1002/bio.1261Mazina, J., Aleksejev, V., Ivkina, T., Kaljurand, M., & Poryvkina, L. (2012). Qualitative detection of illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin and MDMA) in seized street samples based on SFS data and ANN: validation of method. Journal of Chemometrics, 26(8-9), 442-455. doi:10.1002/cem.2462Sefah, K., Shangguan, D., Xiong, X., O’Donoghue, M. B., & Tan, W. (2010). Development of DNA aptamers using Cell-SELEX. Nature Protocols, 5(6), 1169-1185. doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.66Shi, Q., Shi, Y., Pan, Y., Yue, Z., Zhang, H., & Yi, C. (2014). Colorimetric and bare eye determination of urinary methylamphetamine based on the use of aptamers and the salt-induced aggregation of unmodified gold nanoparticles. Microchimica Acta, 182(3-4), 505-511. doi:10.1007/s00604-014-1349-8Mao, K., Yang, Z., Du, P., Xu, Z., Wang, Z., & Li, X. (2016). G-quadruplex–hemin DNAzyme molecular beacon probe for the detection of methamphetamine. RSC Advances, 6(67), 62754-62759. doi:10.1039/c6ra04912eShlyahovsky, B., Li, D., Weizmann, Y., Nowarski, R., Kotler, M., & Willner, I. (2007). Spotlighting of Cocaine by an Autonomous Aptamer-Based Machine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(13), 3814-3815. doi:10.1021/ja069291nWang, F., Freage, L., Orbach, R., & Willner, I. (2013). Autonomous Replication of Nucleic Acids by Polymerization/Nicking Enzyme/DNAzyme Cascades for the Amplified Detection of DNA and the Aptamer–Cocaine Complex. Analytical Chemistry, 85(17), 8196-8203. doi:10.1021/ac4013094Wang, J., Song, J., Wang, X., Wu, S., Zhao, Y., Luo, P., & Meng, C. (2016). An ATMND/SGI based label-free and fluorescence ratiometric aptasensor for rapid and highly sensitive detection of cocaine in biofluids. Talanta, 161, 437-442. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.039Huang, J., Chen, Y., Yang, L., Zhu, Z., Zhu, G., Yang, X., … Tan, W. (2011). Amplified detection of cocaine based on strand-displacement polymerization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 28(1), 450-453. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.038Zhang, C., & Johnson, L. W. (2009). Single Quantum-Dot-Based Aptameric Nanosensor for Cocaine. Analytical Chemistry, 81(8), 3051-3055. doi:10.1021/ac802737bEmrani, A. S., Danesh, N. M., Ramezani, M., Taghdisi, S. M., & Abnous, K. (2016). A novel fluorescent aptasensor based on hairpin structure of complementary strand of aptamer and nanoparticles as a signal amplification approach for ultrasensitive detection of cocaine. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 79, 288-293. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.025Roncancio, D., Yu, H., Xu, X., Wu, S., Liu, R., Debord, J., … Xiao, Y. (2014). A Label-Free Aptamer-Fluorophore Assembly for Rapid and Specific Detection of Cocaine in Biofluids. Analytical Chemistry, 86(22), 11100-11106. doi:10.1021/ac503360nGuler, E., Bozokalfa, G., Demir, B., Gumus, Z. P., Guler, B., Aldemir, E., … Coskunol, H. (2016). An aptamer folding-based sensory platform decorated with nanoparticles for simple cocaine testing. Drug Testing and Analysis, 9(4), 578-587. doi:10.1002/dta.1992Ribes, À., Xifré -Pérez, E., Aznar, E., Sancenón, F., Pardo, T., Marsal, L. F., & Martínez-Máñez, R. (2016). Molecular gated nanoporous anodic alumina for the detection of cocaine. Scientific Reports, 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep38649Marsal, L. F., Vojkuvka, L., Formentin, P., Pallarés, J., & Ferré-Borrull, J. (2009). Fabrication and optical characterization of nanoporous alumina films annealed at different temperatures. Optical Materials, 31(6), 860-864. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2008.09.008Oroval, M., Coronado-Puchau, M., Langer, J., Sanz-Ortiz, M. N., Ribes, Á., Aznar, E., … Martínez-Máñez, R. (2016). Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering and Gated Materials for Sensing Applications: The Ultrasensitive Detection ofMycoplasmaand Cocaine. Chemistry - A European Journal, 22(38), 13488-13495. doi:10.1002/chem.201602457Stojanovic, M. N., de Prada, P., & Landry, D. W. (2000). Fluorescent Sensors Based on Aptamer Self-Assembly. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(46), 11547-11548. doi:10.1021/ja0022223Stojanovic, M. N., de Prada, P., & Landry, D. W. (2001). Aptamer-Based Folding Fluorescent Sensor for Cocaine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(21), 4928-4931. doi:10.1021/ja0038171Stojanovic, M. N., & Landry, D. W. (2002). Aptamer-Based Colorimetric Probe for Cocaine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(33), 9678-9679. doi:10.1021/ja0259483Liu, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2017). Direct fluorescence anisotropy assay for cocaine using tetramethylrhodamine-labeled aptamer. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409(16), 3993-4000. doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0349-zZhou, Z., Du, Y., & Dong, S. (2011). Double-Strand DNA-Templated Formation of Copper Nanoparticles as Fluorescent Probe for Label-Free Aptamer Sensor. Analytical Chemistry, 83(13), 5122-5127. doi:10.1021/ac200120gShi, Y., Dai, H., Sun, Y., Hu, J., Ni, P., & Li, Z. (2013). Fluorescent sensing of cocaine based on a structure switching aptamer, gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide. The Analyst, 138(23), 7152. doi:10.1039/c3an00897eZhang, Y., Sun, Z., Tang, L., Zhang, H., & Zhang, G.-J. (2016). 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Fast Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine and Cocaine Based on a General Sensor Design Involving Aptamers and Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie, 118(1), 96-100. doi:10.1002/ange.200502589He, M., Li, Z., Ge, Y., & Liu, Z. (2016). Portable Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based Paper Device for Field Testing of Drug Abuse. Analytical Chemistry, 88(3), 1530-1534. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04863Qiu, L., Zhou, H., Zhu, W., Qiu, L., Jiang, J., Shen, G., & Yu, R. (2013). A novel label-free fluorescence aptamer-based sensor method for cocaine detection based on isothermal circular strand-displacement amplification and graphene oxide absorption. New Journal of Chemistry, 37(12), 3998. doi:10.1039/c3nj00594aArslan, M., Yilmaz Sengel, T., Guler, E., Gumus, Z. P., Aldemir, E., Akbulut, H., … Yagci, Y. (2017). Double fluorescence assay via a β-cyclodextrin containing conjugated polymer as a biomimetic material for cocaine sensing. 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Quantitative analysis of trace acetaldehyde residue in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle by gas chromatography

Thesis (M.Sc., Analytical Chemistry)--Prince of Songkla University, 200

การศึกษาสภาวะที่เหมาะสมของกระบวนการผลิตก๊าซเชื้อเพลิงไฮดรอกซี (HHO) โดยใช้ไฟฟ้ากระแสสลับ

Thesis (Ph.D., Chemical Engineering) Prince of Songkla University, 201

Evaluating the performance of three GC columns commonly used for the analysis of ignitable liquid mixtures encountered in fire debris

The analysis of debris recovered from fire scenes for the presence of ignitable liquids is of increasing importance for fire scene investigation. Increasingly this is carried out using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) using a standard dimethylpolysiloxane capillary column. Various publications in the available literature and survey data from forensic science laboratories favour HP-1 or HP-5 columns or their equivalent but no direct comparison of the sensitivity, selectivity or resolution of these columns for test mixtures relevant to ignitable liquid matrices have been published. This present work addresses this by analysing a matrix matched test mixture and an ignitable liquid test mixture using three different commercially available dimethylpolysiloxane columns currently referenced in the literature for ignitable liquid analysis. The ASTM standard method for analysis of ignitable liquids using GCMS was adopted and systematically modified for each column to afford maximum separation of the analytes and the results are presented

The use of presumptive color tests for new psychoactive substances

status: publishe