Línea base de monitoreo en los sitios y familias donde se implementó la rehabilitación del socioecosistema anfibio en La Mojana

En este documento se presenta la línea base de monitoreo a la restauración del socioecosistema anfibio en La Mojana. En la primera parte se presentan los resultados del monitoreo en familias, cuya información fue recolectada en trabajo de campo por parte de los integrantes de cada una de ellas, con el apoyo del equipo técnico social de la Universidad de Córdoba. Mientras que en la segunda parte se presentan los resultados del monitoreo de la línea base del componente ecológico, realizado en cinco de las veredas donde se implementó la rehabilitación, mostrando un contraste con zonas de referencia que corresponden a áreas no intervenidas que mantienen características de mejor estado en la misma vereda de interés.Bogotá, ColombiaPrograma Gestión Territorial de la Biodiversida

Informe final sobre monitoreo a la rehabilitación del socioecosistema anfibio en La Mojana, con énfasis en monitoreo comunitario

Este documento presenta los resultados del monitoreo a la rehabilitación del socioecosistema anfibio en La Mojana. En la primer sección se presenta los resultados de la línea base de monitoreo -LBM- a la rehabilitación de modos de vida anfibio, donde se identificaron siete (7) indicadores socio ambientales y culturales derivados de una caracterización de 9 la percepción de servicios ecosistémicos por parte de las familias, para este monitoreo se realizó la selección de 20 familias en la comunidad de Pasifueres del municipio de San Benito Abad, donde se encontraron todos los modos de vida relacionados con los servicios ecosistémicos de provisión de los humedales que los rodean, de los cuales depende su subsistencia y con quienes se adelantó el registro de datos. Para identificar la incidencia de las acciones de rehabilitación sobre los modos de vida, se tomaron datos de las familias vinculadas al proyecto PNUD-MADS y otras que para la fecha, no se encontraban dentro de la estrategia de rehabilitación de humedales. En la segunda sección, la LBM ecosistémica aborda la valoración y seguimiento de las variables ecológicas que mostrarán las tendencias de crecimiento y consolidación de sistemas cada vez más complejos y estables, que para el caso de las intervenciones realizadas se busca recomponer los servicios ecosistémicos que estos prestan. Para esto se establecieron 25 parcelas en las veredas de Seheve en el municipio de Ayapel, El Torno, El Pital y Las Flores de San Marcos y Pasifueres en el municipio de San Benito Abad. Finalmente, se incluye un documento donde se desarrolla una propuesta de monitoreo participativo ó comunitario con el objeto de dar a conocer los aspectos necesarios para su diseño e implementación según se requiera. En la primera parte, se presenta la base teórica necesaria para entender que es un monitoreo participativo y los pasos necesarios para su diseño e implementación, mientras que en la segunda se expone a manera de ejemplo el cómo se aplica cada uno de los pasos del monitoreo participativo tomando como ejemplo la comunidad de Pasifueres en San Benito Abad, Sucre.http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11761/34999http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11761/34993Bogotá, ColombiaGestión Territorial de la Biodiversida

Caracterización en la dinámica espacial de los macrohábitats acuáticos en la región de La Mojana

Con el fin de consolidar el levantamiento y análisis de la información sobre ecología en los humedales de La Mojana, este documento describe la biodiversidad asociada a las zonas de transición entre los principales macrohábitats acuáticos naturales identificados en esta región. Caracterizando por sectores desde la transición más húmeda hasta la más seca, identificando y caracterizando los micro-hábitats presentes dentro de cada uno de ellos e identificando la ocupación en el territorio por los distintos grupos biológicos.Bogotá, ColombiaPrograma Gestión Territorial de la Biodiversida

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Criptomonedas: Alternativa de inversión o especulación económica

Como se ha evidenciado a lo largo de los años y desde su creación, cada día son más los usuarios que tienen acceso al internet gracias a el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y al deseo de tener un mundo más globalizado y con mayor conectividad. Y es que cada vez son mayor las actividades e interacciones que se registran en la web, desde usuarios con una simple consulta en un buscador, personas que buscan inversiones digitales, hasta quienes acceden para pagar los recibos de los servicios públicos o realizar cualquier tipo de compra. Son estos últimos quienes, debido a la necesidad y el deseo de realizar sus transacciones de manera más rápida, eficiente, directas y sin tener que esperar por la autorización de su entidad financiera, aclaman por alternativas como medio de pago y es por eso por lo que las criptomonedas son activos que hoy en día son proyectados como una alternativa al dinero físico y el futuro de las transacciones comerciales y cotidianas en la vida de cada individuo. Sin embargo, hay quienes creen en este futuro como quienes las poseen solo como una mera inversión. Por lo cual, en el desarrollo de este artículo se analizará el escenario de las criptomonedas como una oportunidad revolucionaria en materia monetaria, financiera y económica, así como los factores por los que muchos consideran que estos criptoactivos no son más que una burbuja financiera derivada de la especulación irracional al tratarse de un activo que aún puede considerarse que se encuentra en fase experimental y que no se encuentra regulada, poniendo en duda su legalidad y por ende afectando la estabilidad de su valor.As has been evident over the years and since its creation, more and more users have access to the internet thanks to the development of new technologies and the desire to have a more globalized world with greater connectivity. The fact is that more and more activities and interactions are registered on the web, from users a simple query in a search engine to those who access to pay the utility bills or make any type of purchase. It is the latter who, due to the need and desire to conduct their transactions more quickly, efficiently, directly and without having to wait for the authorization of their financial institution, acclaim for alternatives as a means of payment and that is why cryptocurrencies are assets that today are projected as an alternative to physical money and the future of business and day-to-day transactions in the lives of each individual. But there are those who believe in this future as those who possess them only as a mere investment. Therefore, in the development of this article, the scenario of cryptocurrencies will be analyzed as a revolutionary opportunity in monetary, financial and economic matters, as well as the factors by which many consider these crypto assets are nothing more than a financial bubble derived from irrational speculation as it is an asset that can still be considered to be in the experimental phase and that it is not regulated, calling into question its legality and thus affecting the stability of its value

Medicina de Urgencias Tomo 2

Public health represents one of the greatest challenges in society, which is why it is essential to strengthen the links of scientific cooperation between the academy and the community under a common premise: guarantee the health of the population. In Ecuador, public health faces a historical challenge framed by two edges: the health crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the shortcomings of the social system. This leads to thinking about both the importance of the problem and its possible solutions. Despite this, it is undeniable to affirm that all health personnel share a common ideology and the same commitment, guaranteeing the health of the population.   Obviously it is not an easy task due to social uncertainty and the possible appearance of new diseases; however, it is based on a common denominator: basing decisions on the available scientific evidence or what is known as evidence-based medicine. The generation of new knowledge and the use of the best available scientific evidence is the only hope for solving the health problems that afflict the population. In this way, Emergency Medicine seeks to be a timely and practical clinical-therapeutic reference point for emerging regional circumstances, using updated international management guidelines as references and emphasizing evidence-based medicine. We are sure that it will be an invaluable contribution for health professionals.   Emergency Medicine, in its two volumes, is a work carried out by teachers, students and medical and related specialists, from the Medicine and Nursing career of the Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues Campus. In addition, it has the contribution of other medical specialists with extensive professional experience and contributes with 52 chapters that address clinical, surgical, pediatric, and gynecological-obstetric pathologies that require timely management in the emergency room. At the same time, this work addresses topics of current interest such as medicolegal aspects of emergency care, urgent complications in HIV infections, use of antimicrobials in emergencies, dose adjustment in patients with kidney failure; and, a special chapter on SARS-CoV-2: diagnostic-therapeutic management.La salud pública representa uno de los retos más grandes en la sociedad, razón por lo cual es fundamental que se robustezcan los vínculos de cooperación científica entre la academia y la colectividad bajo una premisa común: garantizar la salud de la población. En Ecuador, la salud pública afronta un reto histórico enmarcado en dos aristas: la crisis sanitaria debido a la pandemia por Covid-19 y las carencias del sistema social. Esto conduce a pensar tanto en la trascendencia del problema como en sus posibles soluciones. A pesar de aquello, resulta innegable afirmar que todo el personal sanitario comparte una ideología en común y el mismo compromiso, garantizar la salud de la población. Evidentemente no constituye una tarea fácil debido a la incertidumbre social y a la posible aparición de nuevas enfermedades; sin embargo, se basa en un denominador común: asentar las decisiones en la evidencia científica disponible o lo que se conoce como medicina basada en la evidencia. La generación de nuevo conocimiento y la utilización de la mejor evidencia científica disponible constituye la única esperanza para resolver los problemas de salud que aquejan a la población. De esta forma, Medicina de Urgencias busca ser un referente clínico- terapéutico, oportuno y práctico, de las circunstancias emergentes regionales, tomando como referencias guías de manejo internacionales actualizadas y haciendo hincapié en la medicina basada en la evidencia. Estamos seguros que será un aporte de carácter invaluable para los profesionales de la salud. Medicina de urgencias, en sus dos volúmenes, es una obra realizada por docentes, estudiantes y especialistas médicos y afines, de la carrera de Medicina y Enfermería de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Sede Azogues. Además, cuenta con el aporte de otros médicos especialistas con amplia trayectoria profesional y aporta con 52 capítulos que abordan patologías clínicas, quirúrgicas, pediátricas, y gíneco-obstétricas, que requieren manejo oportuno en la sala de emergencias.  Al mismo tiempo, la presente obra aborda temáticas de interés actual como aspectos médico legales de la atención en urgencias, complicaciones urgentes en las infecciones por VIH, uso de antimicrobianos en emergencias, ajuste de dosis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal; y, un capítulo especial sobre el SARS-CoV-2: manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico