What is missing from how we measure and understand the experience of poverty and deprivation in population health analyses?

Background: Explaining why some populations are healthier than others is a core task of epidemiology. Socioeconomic position (SEP), encompassing a broad range of exposures relating to economic circumstances, social class and deprivation, is an important explanation, but lacks a comprehensive framework for understanding the range of relevant exposures it encompasses. Methods: We reviewed existing literature on experiential accounts of poverty through database searching and the identification of relevant material by experts. We mapped relevant concepts into a complex systems diagram. We developed this diagram through a process of consultation with academic experts and experts with direct experience of poverty. Finally, we categorized concepts on the basis of whether they have previously been measured, their importance to the causal flow of the diagram, and their importance to those consulted, creating a list of priorities for future measurement. Results: There are a great many aspects of SEP which are not frequently measured or used in epidemiological research and, for some of these, work is needed to better conceptualize and develop measures. Potentially important missing aspects include stigma, social class processes, access to education, sense of lost potential, neighbourhoods, fairness and justice, emotional labour, masking poverty, being (in)visible, costs, and experiences of power. Conclusions: Analyses seeking to understand the extent to which SEP exposures explain differences in the health of populations are likely to benefit from a comprehensive understanding of the range and inter-relationships between different aspects of SEP. More research to better conceptualize and measure these aspects is now needed

Lab to Field Assessment of the Ecotoxicological Impact of Chlorpyrifos, Isoproturon, or Tebuconazole on the Diversity and Composition of the Soil Bacterial Community

Pesticides are intentionally applied to agricultural fields for crop protection. They can harm non-target organisms such as soil microorganisms involved in important ecosystem functions with impacts at the global scale. Within the frame of the pesticide registration process, the ecotoxicological impact of pesticides on soil microorganisms is still based on carbon and nitrogen mineralization tests, despite the availability of more extensive approaches analyzing the abundance, activity or diversity of soil microorganisms. In this study, we used a high-density DNA microarray (PhyloChip) and 16S rDNA amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze the impact of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CHL), the phenyl-urea herbicide isoproturon (IPU), or the triazole fungicide tebuconazole (TCZ) on the diversity and composition of the soil bacterial community. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the combination of these approaches are applied to assess the impact of these three pesticides in a lab-to-field experimental design. The PhyloChip analysis revealed that although no significant changes in the composition of the bacterial community were observed in soil microcosms exposed to the pesticides, significant differences in detected operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in the field experiment between pesticide treatments and control for all three tested pesticides after 70 days of exposure. NGS revealed that the bacterial diversity and composition varied over time. This trend was more marked in the microcosm than in the field study. Only slight but significant transient effects of CHL or TCZ were observed in the microcosm and the field study, respectively. IPU was not found to significantly modify the soil bacterial diversity or composition. Our results are in accordance with conclusions of the Environmental Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which concluded that these three pesticides may have a low risk toward soil microorganisms

ELM: the status of the 2010 eukaryotic linear motif resource

Linear motifs are short segments of multidomain proteins that provide regulatory functions independently of protein tertiary structure. Much of intracellular signalling passes through protein modifications at linear motifs. Many thousands of linear motif instances, most notably phosphorylation sites, have now been reported. Although clearly very abundant, linear motifs are difficult to predict de novo in protein sequences due to the difficulty of obtaining robust statistical assessments. The ELM resource at http://elm.eu.org/ provides an expanding knowledge base, currently covering 146 known motifs, with annotation that includes >1300 experimentally reported instances. ELM is also an exploratory tool for suggesting new candidates of known linear motifs in proteins of interest. Information about protein domains, protein structure and native disorder, cellular and taxonomic contexts is used to reduce or deprecate false positive matches. Results are graphically displayed in a ‘Bar Code’ format, which also displays known instances from homologous proteins through a novel ‘Instance Mapper’ protocol based on PHI-BLAST. ELM server output provides links to the ELM annotation as well as to a number of remote resources. Using the links, researchers can explore the motifs, proteins, complex structures and associated literature to evaluate whether candidate motifs might be worth experimental investigation

L'influence des troubles de l'appareil manducateur sur les performances d'amplitude de fusions en convergence

Lorsqu’un patient consulte dans un cabinet d’orthoptie, nous avons tendance à le traiter seulement au niveau de la sphère oculaire mais nous oublions bien souvent que le système visuel fait partie d’un ensemble que l’on nomme le corps humain. De ce fait, la profession d’orthoptiste ne doit pas se limiter à la consultation de la sphère oculaire. L’analyse du patient dans son ensemble, sa face, sa posture, sa démarche, ses mimiques, doit être réalisée. Cependant rares sont ceux qui incorporent un examen postural dans leur pratique. Les différentes parties du corps humain sont en constante relation/interaction

E-smart : évaluation par simulation des étudiants en DES d’anesthésie-réanimation

Objective: The main objective of this work was to evaluate the reliability and relevance of a training and skills assessment tool consisting of a bank of anesthesia consultation scenarios for a population of first-year DES students in anesthesia and intensive care. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of this evaluation method and to determine the satisfaction of the evaluators and students. Method: This single-center prospective pilot study included 10 first-year students of the DES of anesthesia and intensive care in Grenoble during the year 2021. After information and consent, the students performed a simulated and filmed anesthesia consultation, selected at random from seven scenarios addressing common problems. The videos were then evaluated by four physician evaluators at T0 and T+6 weeks. The evaluations were performed using a 24-item grid exploring the quality of the anesthetic consultation according to current recommendations. The primary endpoints were internal consistency, intra- and inter-rater reliability. The secondary criteria were the feasibility and acceptability of this evaluation method for the evaluators and the students (stress and anxiety). Results and conclusion: 10 students participated in simulated anesthesia consultations. The reliability study showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach alpha: 0.73 at T0 and 0.49 at T+6S). Intra-rater reliability was rated as moderate to excellent (ICC 0.67- 0.91). Inter-rater reliability was considered low to moderate (ICC: 0.49-0.53). The mean stress VAS was (2.2± 2.3), the mean anxiety measured by the STAI-YA score was low (30± 5.6). The satisfaction questionnaires showed good acceptability for both students and evaluators.Objectif : L’objectif principal de ce travail était d’évaluer la fiabilité et la pertinence d’un outil de formation et d’évaluation des compétences constitué d’une banque de scénarios de consultation d’anesthésie auprès d’une population d’étudiants en première année de DES d’anesthésie-réanimation. Les objectifs secondaires étaient d’évaluer la faisabilité de cette méthode d’évaluation et de déterminer la satisfaction des évaluateurs et étudiants. Méthode : Cette étude pilote prospective mono-centrique a inclus 10 étudiants de première année du DES d’anesthésie réanimation de Grenoble au cours de l’année 2021. Après information et recueil de leur consentement, les étudiants ont réalisé une consultation d’anesthésie simulée et filmée, tirée au sort parmi sept scénarios abordant des problématiques courantes. Les vidéos ont ensuite été évaluées par quatre médecins évaluateurs aux temps T0 et à T+6 semaines. Les évaluations étaient réalisées à l’aide d’une grille de 24 items explorant la qualité de la consultation anesthésique selon les recommandations en vigueur. Les critères de jugement principal étaient la cohérence interne, la fiabilité intra et inter-évaluateur. Les critères de jugement secondaire étaient la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité de cette méthode d'évaluation pour les évaluateurs et les étudiants (stress et anxiété). Résultats et conclusion: 10 étudiants ont participé à des consultations d’anesthésie simulées. L’étude de fiabilité a montré une cohérence interne acceptable (Cronbach alpha : 0.73 à T0 et à 0.49 à T+6S). La fiabilité intra-évaluateur est jugée modérée à excellente (ICC 0.67- 0.91). La fiabilité inter-évaluateur était jugée faible à modérée (ICC : 0.49-0.53). L’EVA stress moyenne était de (2.2± 2.3), l’anxiété moyenne mesurée par le score STAI-YA était faible (30± 5.6). Les questionnaires de satisfaction montraient une bonne acceptabilité tant pour les étudiants que pour les évaluateurs

KEPE--a motif frequently superimposed on sumoylation sites in metazoan chromatin proteins and transcription factors.

MOTIVATION: We noted that the sumoylation site in C/EBP homologues is conserved beyond the canonical consensus sequence for sumoylation. Therefore, we investigated whether this pattern might define a more general protein motif. RESULTS: We undertook a survey of the human proteome using a regular expression based on the C/EBP motif. This revealed significant enrichment of the motif using different Gene Ontology terms (e.g. 'transcription') that pertain to the nucleus. When considering requirements for the motif to be functional (evolutionary conservation, structural accessibility of the motif and proper cell localization of the protein), more than 130 human proteins were retrieved from the UniProt/Swiss-Prot database. These candidates were particularly enriched in transcription factors, including FOS, JUN, Hif-1alpha, MLL2 and members of the KLF, MAF and NFATC families; chromatin modifiers like CHD-8, HDAC4 and DNA Top1; and the transcriptional regulatory kinases HIPK1 and HIPK2. The KEPEmotif appears to be restricted to the metazoan lineage and has three length variants-short, medium and long-which do not appear to interchange

Management of areas polluted by radioactives substances: The updated French approach

Over the last 20 years, the French public services’ actions in the field of polluted areas have continuously evolved from the inventory of potentially polluted areas to the statement of a general framework on the management. Initially designed for chemical pollutants, main guidelines have been implemented for radioactive substances. The general framework is presented hereafter and illustrated with a real example