Representaciones sociales del cáncer de mama en mujeres libres de enfermedad: Comparación entre México y Colombia

  Con el objetivo de identificar las representaciones sociales sobre el cáncer de mama en mujeres libres de la enfermedad en México y Colombia, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo basado en los métodos asociativos y de enfoque procesual y estructural de las representaciones sociales, en el que se incluyen 43 mujeres libres de enfermedad, ubicadas en Guadalajara, México y Pereira, Colombia. Se aplicaron listados libres y cuestionario de comparación de pares. Se realizó análisis de frecuencias, análisis de contenido temático y de índice de distancia para la construcción de las relaciones de términos de manera gráfica a través de los grafos. Para los dos grupos de mujeres, el Cáncer de Mama está asociado con aspectos negativos, en los que se destacan las palabras como miedo y muerte. Para las mujeres colombianas el aspecto físico, la estética y autoimagen tiene una gran relación. Las mujeres mexicanas destacan la importancia de la prevención como revisarse periódicamente. Se puede concluir que las representaciones sociales están directamente relacionadas con el marco contextual de estos dos grupos de mujeres, los antecedentes, los procesos de socialización y elementos propios de la cultura estructuran el significado y las acciones que toman asociadas a la salud y específicamente sobre el cáncer de mama.   Palabras clave: Cáncer de mama, conocimientos en cáncer de mama, representaciones sociales, salud pública.   Abstract   In order to identify the social representations of breast cancer in women free of the disease in Mexico and Colombia, a qualitative study was carried out based on associative methods and a processual and structural approach to social representations, in which It includes 43 women free of disease, located in Guadalajara, Mexico and Pereira, Colombia. Free lists and peer comparison questionnaire were applied. Frequency analysis, thematic content analysis, and the distance index were carried out to construct the relationship of terms graphically through the graphs. For both groups of women, Breast Cancer is associated with negative aspects, in which words such as fear and death stand out. For Colombian women, physical appearance, aesthetics, and self-image have a great relationship. Mexican women stress the importance of prevention as a regular check-up. It can be concluded that social representations are directly related to the contextual framework of these two groups of women, the antecedents, the processes of socialization and elements of the cultural structure the meaning and the actions they take associated with health and specifically about the breast cancer.   Key words: Breast cancer, knowledge, social representations, public healt

Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunological Basis of the Placebo Effect: Potential Applications beyond Pain Therapy

The placebo effect can be defined as the improvement of symptoms in a patient after the administration of an innocuous substance in a context that induces expectations regarding its effects. During recent years, it has been discovered that the placebo response not only has neurobiological functions on analgesia, but that it is also capable of generating effects on the immune and endocrine systems. The possible integration of changes in different systems of the organism could favor the well-being of the individuals and go hand in hand with conventional treatment for multiple diseases. In this sense, classic conditioning and setting expectations stand out as psychological mechanisms implicated in the placebo effect. Recent advances in neuroimaging studies suggest a relationship between the placebo response and the opioid, cannabinoid, and monoaminergic systems. Likewise, a possible immune response conditioned by the placebo effect has been reported. There is evidence of immune suppression conditioned through the insular cortex and the amygdala, with noradrenalin as the responsible neurotransmitter. Finally, a conditioned response in the secretion of different hormones has been determined in different studies; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not entirely known. Beyond studies about its mechanism of action, the placebo effect has proved to be useful in the clinical setting with promising results in the management of neurological, psychiatric, and immunologic disorders. However, more research is needed to better characterize its potential use. This review integrates current knowledge about the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune basis of the placebo effect and its possible clinical applications

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 17

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 17 de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada, de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Con esta colección, se aspira contribuir con el cultivo, la comprensión, la recopilación y la apropiación social del conocimiento en cuanto a patrimonio intangible de la humanidad, con el propósito de hacer aportes con la transformación de las relaciones socioculturales que sustentan la construcción social de los saberes y su reconocimiento como bien público

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Análisis geomecánico y diseño de estabilidad física e hidrológica de labores mineras subterráneas en Santillana, Ayacucho 2020

Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo realizar el análisis para el diseño de estabilidad física e hidrológica en el sellado de las labores mineras BSB9 y BSB10, en el cierre de mina Santillana, Ayacucho. La investigación fue descriptiva, explicativa y cuantitativa; los instrumentos utilizados fueron el formato de clasificación geomecánica y la ficha de toma de datos de campo. Se evaluó los parámetros geomecánicas en base al RMR 89, RMR ajustado, GSI y Q de Barton, para los macizos rocos donde se encuentran ubicados las labores mineras BSB9 y BSB10, determinando así la calidad de roca para cada uno de ellos. Se realizó un análisis cinemático con el software Dips y se conoció los probables tipos de rotura para cada labor minera. Con la información recopilada se diseñó por medió de planos la estabilidad física considerando un tapón del tipo I, y la estabilidad hidrológica con una zanja del tipo trapezoidal, la estabilidad geoquímica con un bloqueo de aire para las chimeneas. De esta manera se aseguró la estabilidad para la etapa de cierre de minas, evitando la generación de aguas ácidas. PALABRAS CLAVE: estabilidad, física, hidrológica, labor mineras

Respuesta en el establecimiento y regeneración in vitro de rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.)

The rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) is a nightshade with a center of origin in Peru, with great gastronomic value. It is affected by diseases that limit its development, spread by infected seeds. The in vitro culture of plant tissues allows the propagation of elite genotypes with the availability of pathogen-free plant material. The objective was to determine the in vitro response of hot pepper in the establishment of seeds and regeneration from terminal buds. Hot pepper seeds were used in different treatments with sodium hypochlorite. Leaves and roots of germinated rocotts were removed in vitro, leaving epicotyl with terminal buds and transferred to culture media with different concentrations of salts and MS vitamins for the in vitro regeneration phase, the organogenic response and oxidation were evaluated. In the establishment of hot pepper seeds, 100% disinfection was obtained using ethanol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (2%) for 15 minutes, in the regeneration phase the culture medium with salts and MS vitamins at 100% concentration allowed to obtain 19.8% of organogenic response. The protocol for the in vitro establishment of hot pepper seeds was established and a low organogenic response was determined from terminal buds under in vitro conditions.El rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) es una solanácea con centro de origen en Perú, con gran valor gastronómico. Es afectado por enfermedades que limitan su desarrollo, diseminadas por semillas infectadas. El cultivo in vitro de tejidos vegetales permite propagar genotipos elites disponiendo de material vegetal libre de patógenos. El objetivo fue determinar la respuesta in vitro de rocoto en el establecimiento de semillas y regeneración a partir de yemas terminales. Se emplearon semillas de rocoto en diferentes tratamientos con hipoclorito de sodio. Se eliminaron hojas y raíces de rocotos germinados in vitro, quedando epicótilos con yemas terminales y se transfirieron a medios de cultivo con diferentes concentraciones de sales y vitaminas MS para la fase de regeneración in vitro, se evaluó la respuesta organogénica y oxidación. En el establecimiento de semillas de rocoto se obtuvo 100% de desinfección empleando etanol (70%) e hipoclorito de sodio (2%) durante 15 minutos, en la fase de regeneración el medio de cultivo con sales y vitaminas MS al 100% de concentración permitió obtener 19,8% de respuesta organogénica. Se estableció el protocolo del establecimiento in vitro de semillas de rocoto y se determinó baja respuesta organogénica a partir de yemas terminales en condiciones in vitro

Uso de anticonceptivos orales en la dismenorrea

Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura disponible con la finalidad de analizar los efectos producidos por el uso de anticonceptivos orales en la dismenorrea, una de las dolencias relacionadas a la menstruación más importantes. Esta investigación fue del tipo documental enmarcada en una metodología de revisión en la que se determinó primeramente las causas que originan los distintos tipos de dismenorrea, seguido de la influencia que tiene la ingesta de anticonceptivos orales en el tratamiento de la misma y los diversos estudios donde se analiza su eficacia como tratamiento de esta patología. Se concluyó que a pesar de que las mujeres que utilizaron anticonceptivos orales presenciaron reducción en la intensidad de los dolores, no existe certeza en cuanto a la eficacia de este tratamiento, por lo tanto, se deben explorar otras alternativas en caso de que fracase este método

Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunological Basis of the Placebo Effect: Potential Applications beyond Pain Therapy

The placebo effect can be defined as the improvement of symptoms in a patient after the administration of an innocuous substance in a context that induces expectations regarding its effects. During recent years, it has been discovered that the placebo response not only has neurobiological functions on analgesia, but that it is also capable of generating effects on the immune and endocrine systems. The possible integration of changes in different systems of the organism could favor the well-being of the individuals and go hand in hand with conventional treatment for multiple diseases. In this sense, classic conditioning and setting expectations stand out as psychological mechanisms implicated in the placebo effect. Recent advances in neuroimaging studies suggest a relationship between the placebo response and the opioid, cannabinoid, and monoaminergic systems. Likewise, a possible immune response conditioned by the placebo effect has been reported. There is evidence of immune suppression conditioned through the insular cortex and the amygdala, with noradrenalin as the responsible neurotransmitter. Finally, a conditioned response in the secretion of different hormones has been determined in different studies; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not entirely known. Beyond studies about its mechanism of action, the placebo effect has proved to be useful in the clinical setting with promising results in the management of neurological, psychiatric, and immunologic disorders. However, more research is needed to better characterize its potential use. This review integrates current knowledge about the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune basis of the placebo effect and its possible clinical applications