Modelo prolab: Crudog, una propuesta para el desarrollo de alimento para perros mediante una economía circular a partir del uso de subproducto en mercados

En el mundo y en el Perú existen muchos productos en buenas condiciones que se convierten en desperdicios orgánicos por falta de demanda en mercados minoristas y estos desperdicios impactan a la sociedad y al medio ambiente. Este proyecto busca proponer como solución, mediante una economía circular, convertir los desperdicios (subproductos) tales como verduras y menudencias de animales en un producto final para la alimentación de perros, que llevará por nombre Crudog. Para realizar este proyecto, se han utilizado la metodología Design Thinking y los elementos colaborativos de la investigación científica, que permitieron crear el modelo de negocio actual, mediante la interacción de prototipos hasta llegar al alimento balanceado para perros, deseado por los clientes. La incorporación de mascotas como un miembro más de la familia ha generado una importante consideración y preocupación por la vitalidad y bienestar de estas. Por tal razón, se plantea impulsar una solución de alimentación natural con Crudog. Asimismo, esta iniciativa permite colaborar con los ODS 3 y 9, dado que facilitará la disminución relacionada a los subproductos en mercados minoristas y por ende en emisiones de carbono. Además, fomentará la adopción de hábitos favorables para la salud de las mascotas. Por último, las mediciones financieras comprueban que se trata de un proyecto económicamente viable, permitiendo garantizar la generación de beneficios para los inversionistas, en cuyo escenario optimista las proyecciones demuestran la obtención de un valor actual neto de $739,403, una TIR de 212.76estimándose que la inversión se recuperaría en 3.34 años.In the world and in Peru, there are many products in good conditions that are wasted in organic waste due to lack of demand in retail markets and this waste impacts society and the environment. This project seeks to propose as a solution, through a circular economy, convert waste (sub products) such as vegetables and animal offal into a final product for dog food, which will be called Crudog. To carry out this project, the Design Thinking methodology and the collaborative elements of scientific research have been used, which allowed the creation of the real business model, through the interaction of prototypes until reaching the balanced food for dogs, desired by customers. The inclusion of pets as part as a member of the family has generated greater consideration and concern for their vitality and well-being. For this reason, it is proposed to promote a natural feeding solution with Crudog. Likewise, this business contributes to SDGs 3 and 9, since it will facilitate the reduction related to sub products in retail markets and therefore in carbon emissions. In addition, it will encourage the adoption of favorable habits for the health of pets. Finally, the financial results prove that it is an economically viable project, making it possible to guarantee the generation of benefits for investors, in whose optimistic scenario the projections show the obtaining of a NPV of$739,403, an IRR of 212.76% and estimated that the investment would be recovered in 3.34 years

On a multivariate Pareto distribution

A multivariate distribution possessing arbitrarily parameterized Pareto margins is formulated and studied. The distribution is believed to allow for an adequate modeling of dependent heavy tailed risks with a non-zero probability of simultaneous loss. Numerous links to certain existing probabilistic models, as well as seemingly useful characteristic results are proved. Expressions for, e.g., decumulative distribution functions, densities, (joint) moments and regressions are developed. An application to the classical pricing problem is considered, and some formulas are derived using the recently introduced economic weighted premium calculation principles

Influence of chain topology on gel formation and direct ink printing of model linear and star block copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) semi-crystalline blocks

In this work, a set of well-defined linear triblock copolymers and star block copolymers (3 and 4-arms) with semi crystalline blocks consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), synthesized by combining ring-opening polymerization and organic catalyst switch strategy, were studied as thermosensitive gel-forming biomaterials for applications in 3D extrusion printing. The hydrogels derived from linear copolymers underwent a temperature-dependent sol-gel-sol transition, behaving as a flowing sol at room temperature and transforming into a non-flowing gel upon heating. On the other hand, the hydrogels derived from 4-arm star block copolymers experienced a gel-sol transition and did not flow at room temperature. This behavior allowed them to be used as 3D printing inks at room temperature. 3D printing results revealed that the semi-crystalline hydrogels of the 4-arm star block copolymers could not only be extruded and printed with high shape fidelity, but they also exhibited a favorable dissolution profile for their use as sacrificial biomaterial inks. Additionally, we thoroughly investigated the crystalline organization of the PCL and the PEO blocks within the hydrogels through comparison with the results obtained in bulk. The results demonstrated evident structural ordering in the hydrogels associated with the crystallization of the PCL blocks. Unexpectedly, DSC results combined with SAXS experiments revealed the presence of PEO block crystals within the 30 % w/v hydrogels from 4-arm star block copolymers, in addition to the PCL block crystals. Hence, remarkable double crystalline hydrogels have been obtained for the first time.This research was financially supported by the projects PID2020-113045GB-C21 and PID2020-113045GB-C22 funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by the Basque Government through grant IT1503-22. M.I.P. acknowledges funding through an FPI contract (PRE2018-086104) to develop a PhD thesis. The support of the ALBA (2022086944 and 2022086957 proposals) synchrotron facility is gratefully acknowledged. R.H. is a member of the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI+) Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy+ (PTI-SusPlast+) and the PTI CSIC FAB3D. The authors would also like to thank Alejandro Hernandez-Sosa for assistance regarding 3D printing experiments. P.Z., V.L., and N.H. gratefully acknowledge the support of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)

Different paths to the modern state in Europe: the interaction between domestic political economy and interstate competition

Theoretical work on state formation and capacity has focused mostly on early modern Europe and on the experience of western European states during this period. While a number of European states monopolized domestic tax collection and achieved gains in state capacity during the early modern era, for others revenues stagnated or even declined, and these variations motivated alternative hypotheses for determinants of fiscal and state capacity. In this study we test the basic hypotheses in the existing literature making use of the large date set we have compiled for all of the leading states across the continent. We find strong empirical support for two prevailing threads in the literature, arguing respectively that interstate wars and changes in economic structure towards an urbanized economy had positive fiscal impact. Regarding the main point of contention in the theoretical literature, whether it was representative or authoritarian political regimes that facilitated the gains in fiscal capacity, we do not find conclusive evidence that one performed better than the other. Instead, the empirical evidence we have gathered lends supports to the hypothesis that when under pressure of war, the fiscal performance of representative regimes was better in the more urbanized-commercial economies and the fiscal performance of authoritarian regimes was better in rural-agrarian economie

State-building, war and violence : evidence from Latin America

In European history, war has played a major role in state‐building and the state monopoly on violence. But war is a very specific form of organized political violence, and it is decreasing on a global scale. Other patterns of armed violence now dominate, ones that seem to undermine state‐building, thus preventing the replication of European experiences. As a consequence, the main focus of the current state‐building debate is on fragility and a lack of violence control inside these states. Evidence from Latin American history shows that the specific patterns of the termination of both war and violence are more important than the specific patterns of their organization. Hence these patterns can be conceptualized as a critical juncture for state‐building. While military victories in war, the subordination of competing armed actors and the prosecution of perpetrators are conducive for state‐building, negotiated settlements, coexistence, and impunity produce instability due to competing patterns of authority, legitimacy, and social cohesion

The coexistence of peace and conflict in South America: toward a new conceptualization of types of peace

South America's predominant democratic regimes and its increasing interdependence on regional trade have not precluded the emergence of militarized crises between Colombia and Venezuela or the revival of boundary claims between Chile and Peru. This way, how can we characterize a zone that, in spite of its flourishing democracy and dense economic ties, remain involved in territorial disputes for whose resolution the use of force has not yet been discarded? This article contends that existing classifications of zones of peace are not adequate to explain this unusual coexistence. Thus, its main purpose is to develop a new analytical category of regional peace for assessing this phenomenon: the hybrid peace. It aims to research the evolution of security systems in South America during the previous century and build a new, threefold classification of peace zones: negative peace zones, hybrid peace zones, and positive peace zones

Ocean monitoring, observation network and modelling of the Gulf of Mexico by CIGOM

The tragic accident of the Macondo platform operated by British Petroleum (BP) unleashed in 2010 one of the largest oil spills in history, lasting over three months, spilling nearly 500 million liters of oil in one of the most biodiverse ocean regions. This accident revealed the technological deficiencies for the control of a spill in deep waters of the hydrocarbon industry. Simultaneously it showed important gaps in knowledge to predict the propagation and fate of the large volumes of hydrocarbons at depth and on the surface ocean and, more importantly, on their impact on the great ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico. The necessity to understand and predict the transport, fate and ecosystem-level impacts of large oil spills in the southern Gulf of Mexico, a key region for oil exploration and extraction, led policymakers, scientists, and industry representatives from PEMEX (the Mexican oil company) to jointly launch an ocean observation project (2015-22) aimed to provide a multi-layered environmental baseline, develop a modern monitoring and computational modeling capacity and promote scientific understanding of the marine environment throughout the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The initiative, led by the Research Consortium for the Gulf of Mexico (CIGoM), brought together more than 300 multidisciplinary researchers from more than a two dozen institutions in Mexico and abroad, including the Centre for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE) as the leading institution, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV) in Mérida, the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), and the Centre for Engineering and Industrial Development (CIDESI). Financial support was provided by the National Council for Science and Technology and the Ministry of Energy Hydrocarbon Fund

A Unified Representation of Gas-Phase Element Depletions in the Interstellar Medium

A study of gas-phase element abundances reported in the literature for 17 different elements sampled over 243 sight lines in the local part of our Galaxy reveals that the depletions into solid form (dust grains) are extremely well characterized by trends that employ only three kinds of parameters. One is an index that describes the overall level of depletion applicable to the gas in any particular sight line, and the other two represent linear coefficients that describe how to derive each element's depletion from this sight-line parameter. The information from this study reveals the relative proportions of different elements that are incorporated into dust at different stages of grain growth. An extremely simple scheme is proposed for deriving the dust contents and metallicities of absorption-line systems that are seen in the spectra of distant quasars or the optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. Contrary to presently accepted thinking, the elements sulfur and krypton appear to show measurable changes in their depletions as the general levels of depletions of other elements increase, although more data are needed to ascertain whether or not these findings truly compelling. Nitrogen appears to show no such increase. The incorporation of oxygen into solid form in the densest gas regions far exceeds the amounts that can take the form of silicates or metallic oxides; this conclusion is based on differential measurements of depletion and thus is unaffected by uncertainties in the solar abundance reference scale.Comment: 166 pages, 21 figures, pages 116-166 contain detailed tabulations that may not be of interest to most readers. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa