A New Model of Early Intervention Based on The Osteopathic Integrated Approach: Clinical Experience About 530 Newborn

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Effects of intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids on fetal, newborn, and infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in humans : a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used in reproductive medicine. Fetal organ systems are highly sensitive to changes in the intrauterine environment, including overexposure to glucocorticoids. Structural and functional alterations resulting from such changes may persist throughout life and have been associated with diverse diseases. One system that could be particularly sensitive to fetal glucocorticoid overexposure is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. Many human studies have investigated this possibility, but a systematic review to identify consistent, emergent findings is lacking. METHODS: We systematically review 49 human studies, assessing the effects of intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids on fetal, neonate, and infant hpa function. RESULTS: Study quality varied considerably, but the main findings held true after restricting the analyses to higher-quality studies: intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids reduces offspring hpa activity under unstimulated conditions after pain but not pharmacological challenge. Although reduced unstimulated hpa function appears to recover within the first 2 wk postpartum, blunted hpa reactivity to pain is likely to persist throughout the first 4 months of life. There is some evidence that the magnitude of the effects is correlated with the total amount of glucocorticoids administered and varies with the time interval between glucocorticoid exposure and hpa assessment. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review has allowed the demonstration of the way in which intrauterine exposure to various regimens of synthetic glucocorticoids affects various forms of hpa function. As such, it guides future studies in terms of which variables need to be focused on in order to further strengthen the understanding of such therapy, whilst continuing to profit from its clinical benefits

Olfaction: anatomy, physiology and behavior

The anatomy, physiology and function of the olfactory system are reviewed, as are the normal effects of olfactory stimulation. It is speculated that olfaction may have important but unobtrusive effects on human behavior

L'aversion olfactive potentialisée par le goût au cours du vieillement chez le rat (étude comportementale et immunocytochimique)

DIJON-BU Médecine Pharmacie (212312103) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Does the olfactory cue activate the same brain network during aging in the rat after taste potentiated odor aversion retrieval?

International audienceDepending on the brain networks involved, aging is not accompanied by a general decrease in learning and memory capabilities. We demonstrated previously that learning and retrieval of taste potentiated odor aversion (TPOA) is preserved, and even slightly improved, in senescent rats showing some memory deficiencies in cognitive tasks (Dardou, Datiche, & Cattarelli, 2008). TPOA is a particular behavior in which the simultaneous presentation of odor and taste cues followed by a delayed visceral illness leads to a robust aversion towards both conditioned stimuli, which permits diet selection and animal survival. The present experiment was performed in order to investigate the stability or the evolution of the brain network underlying TPOA retrieval during aging. By using immunocytochemical detection of Fos and Egr1 proteins we mapped the cerebral activation induced by TPOA retrieval elicited by the odor presentation in the young, the adult and the senescent rats. The pattern of brain activation changed and the number of activated areas decreased with age. Nevertheless, the piriform cortex and the basolateral amygdala nucleus were always activated and seemed essential for TPOA retrieval. The hippocampus and the neocortical areas could have different implications in TPOA memory in relation to age. The patterns of expression of Fos and Egr1 were different, suggesting their differential involvement in TPOA retrieval. Data are discussed according to the possible roles of the brain areas studied and a model of schematic brain network subtending TPOA retrieval induced by the odor cue is proposed

Rôle du cortex piriforme dans la mémoire olfactive (une étude comportementale et anatomo-fonctionnelle à l'aide de la détection immunohistochimique de la protéine Fos)

Le cortex piriforme (CP), de par ses caractéristiques anatomiques et fonctionnelles pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l apprentissage et la mémoire olfactifs. Nous étudions l implication de ce paléocortex dans les processus mnésiques, chez le rat, à l aide de la détection immunocytochimique de la protéine Fos. Nous conditionnons les rats dans un labyrinthe à quatre branches, les rats étant entraînés à associer l une des odeurs d une paire à une récompense hydrique. Nous analysons l expression de la protéine Fos dans le CP et dans les structures limbiques (hippocampe et néocortex) à la suite, au cours même de la mise en place et lors de la réactivation d un apprentissage olfactif. Dans le CP, nous mettons en évidence une expression de Fos différente selon la vitesse d apprentissage des rats conditionnés, et nous confirmons l hétérogénéité fonctionnelle de ses subdivisions. Nous montrons également l implication des structures néocorticales et hippocampales dans la mémoire olfactive.Because of its anatomical and functional features, the piriform cortex (PC) could play a crucial role in olfactory learning and memory. We studied its implication in mnesic processes using the immunodetection of Fos protein in rat. A water-rewarded olfactory discrimination task in a four-arms maze was used for conditioning. We analysed Fos expression in PC as well as in neocortex and hippocampus, after completion of the discrimination task, at different time-points throughout learning and following its reactivation. In PC, we showed that Fos expression was different depending of the velocity to learn of the conditioned rat. Furthermore, we confirmed the functional heterogeneity of the PC subdivisions and observed the implication of hippocampal and neocortical areas in the olfactory memory processes.DIJON-BU Médecine Pharmacie (212312103) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Fos and Egr1 expression in the rat brain in response to olfactory cue after taste-potentiated odor aversion retrieval

When an odor is paired with a delayed illness, rats acquire a relatively weak odor aversion. In contrast, rats develop a strong aversion to an olfactory cue paired with delayed illness if it is presented simultaneously with a gustatory cue. Such a conditioning effect has been referred to as taste-potentiated odor aversion learning (TPOA). TPOA is an interesting model for studying neural mechanisms of plasticity because of its robustness and rapid acquisition. However, the neural substrate involved in TPOA retrieval has not been well characterized. To address this question, we used immunocytochemical detection of inducible transcription factors encoded by the immediate-early genes Fos and Egr1. Thirsty male rats were conditioned to TPOA learning, and they were submitted to retrieval in the presence of the learned odor 3 d later. Significant increases in both Fos and Egr1 expressions were observed in basolateral amygdala, insular cortex, and hippocampus in aversive rats in comparison with the all the control groups. The pattern of neuronal activity seemed unlikely to be related to the sole LiCl injection. Lastly, opposite patterns of Fos and Egr1 were noted in the entorhinal cortex and the central nucleus of amygdala, suggesting a differential involvement of these markers in retrieval of TPOA