A Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Clivonine

The first chapter of this thesis discusses the biomimetic total synthesis of clivonine. Clivonine is a member of the Amaryllidaceae family of alkaloids and was isolated from the plant Clivia miniata Regel by Wildman in 1956. Barton first proposed the biosynthesis of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in 1958, hypothesising that the key diversifying step in the biosynthesis was an intramolecular phenolic oxidative coupling of a common precursor, norbelladine. However, it was not until 2 years later, in 1960, that Barton was able to account for the biosynthesis of the lycorenine class of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, the class in which clivonine is a member. He proposed that a ‘ring-switch’ must occur after the initial intramolecular phenolic oxidative coupling from a lycorine type progenitor to that of a lycorenine type skeleton. Our synthesis of clivonine demonstrates for the first time the synthetic interconversion between these two classes of compounds in a manner that can be considered biomimetic. The second chapter of this thesis details our synthesis of the acetonide protected derivative of cis-3,5-cyclohexadien-1,2-diol. The first section of this chapter highlights the importance of these types of molecules and reviews the previous syntheses of this compound. The second section then details the development of a five-step three-pot synthesis of this compound in an overall 50% yield starting from commercially available 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The final chapter of this thesis discusses the studies towards the development of a catalytic asymmetric retro-Cope elimination reaction. This chapter will first highlight recent advances that have been made towards the asymmetric hydroamination (AHA) reaction before reviewing the recent progress made towards expanding the scope of the retro-Cope elimination reaction. Finally, our proposed method of developing an asymmetric retro-Cope reaction will be outlined, along with details of preliminary studies focussed on the development of a suitable system with which the asymmetric retro-Cope elimination can be studied

Grain Transportation Policy and Transformation in Western Canadian Agriculture

This paper provides an overview of grain transportation policy in Canada over the last 100 years, including the inception of the Crow Rate, the replacement of the Crow Rate with the Western Grain Transportation Act(WGTA), and finally, the repeal of the WGTA. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural change to the western agricultural economy that occurred following repeal of the WGTA in 1995. When grain transportation subsidies were removed, industry responded quickly to market signals through a diversification of crop patterns, an increase in livestock production, and an increase in value-added processing. Key Words: transportation policy, diversification, structural changetransportation policy, diversification, structural change, Agricultural and Food Policy,

The connection between space, place and the first Corinthian house church

This paper explores connections between the space first century families occupied and the early Christian phenomenon of ‘house churches’ which met in that space. Since houses were common spaces of worship for first century believers, it is not surprising they are referenced throughout Acts and the Epistles. The Apostle Paul frequently used household and familial terms to characterize first-century Christians and the first extant letter to the Corinthians is no exception. This article argues that houses were ideal places to worship in the first century. In I Corinthians, Paul draws connections between first century Greco-Roman and Jewish familial roles with the roles of believers in worship. But how did this work? How did this space that belonged to a particular family become a place of worship for the Family of God? This paper will investigate the connection between space, place and sacred space/place. It will also explore the connection in I Corinthians between familial roles and roles in worship, which, I argue, differentiate insiders from outsiders

Education by inspiration

Citation: Paddock, Kate. Education by inspiration. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1900.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: Nothing is more astonishing than what can be done by one person, yet how few compared with the many around us ever accomplish any thing at all. We need not restrict this to the building of some great city, or the overthrowing of an Empire; but we may also apply it to the making the best of our own lives and surroundings. The greater part of the world who would never take the trouble (and trouble is three fourths of power) to accomplish any thing themselves, are very anxious to prove that in the case of those who do accomplish, all was in their favor. On the contrary, history proves that the greatest minds and the most successful people were originally the most common place. Workers are beings in real power. Honor has been spoken of as only the shadow of which they have in their lives held the substance. It should be shown in school and public education that personality is in itself an influence and even a direct power, which held at its height, nothing can overthrow or resist. The indolent and cowardly are only too ready to say, “I can’t,” but of what good are ability and great power, if the will and the conscience do not open a channel for them. Great powers are to us a marvel and an inspiration; the more of an inspiration, the more they prove themselves natural and possible to human beings. One of the greatest victories over the tyranny of unpaid labor was won by the moral force of opinion; one might say by the cannon ball, but what was war but the resistance by the South of those forces which it saw could not help but abolish Slavery. Education by inspiration is not restricted to any age or any cause. It is the education which fits us for words and deeds by which more or fewer individuals may be benefited

Child labor in southern Nigeria : 1880s to 1955

textThe dissertation evaluates changes in child labor practices in the Southern Provinces of Nigeria during the colonial period from the 1880s to the 1950s. The argument concludes that child labor was part of a socializing, educational, and survival strategy prior to colonial conquest. British policies influenced by civilizing mission ideology and indirect rule fundamentally altered the relationship between children and their families. Child labor in Nigeria's cultural context was neither completely exploitative nor beneficial, but had the capacity to affect children in both ways depending on specific circumstances. Child labor initially existed in the context of the kinship group, but during the first half of the twentieth century child labor increasingly became an independent strategy outside the confines of the kinship environment, which was a direct result of social and economic change. The research underscores the central position of child labor in the Nigerian economy and the British colonial agenda. Towards the end of colonial rule, child labor issues composed part of the anti-colonial movement as it assisted discontent elites to gain support beyond coastal cities.Histor