Subcritical turbulent condensate in rapidly rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection

The possibility of subcritical behaviour in the geostrophic turbulence regime of rapidly rotating thermally driven convection is explored. In this regime a non-local inverse energy transfer may compete with the more traditional and local direct cascade. We show that, even for control parameters for which no inverse cascade has previously been observed, a subcritical transition towards a large-scale vortex state can occur when the system is initialized with a vortex dipole of finite amplitude. This new example of bistability in a turbulent flow, which may not be specific to rotating convection, opens up new avenues for studying energy transfer in strongly anisotropic three-dimensional flows.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Large-scale-vortex dynamos in planar rotating convection

Several recent studies have demonstrated how large-scale vortices may arise spontaneously in rotating planar convection. Here, we examine the dynamo properties of such flows in rotating Boussinesq convection. For moderate values of the magnetic Reynolds number (100≲Rm≲550, with Rm based on the box depth and the convective velocity), a large-scale (i.e. system-size) magnetic field is generated. The amplitude of the magnetic energy oscillates in time, nearly out of phase with the oscillating amplitude of the large-scale vortex. The large-scale vortex is disrupted once the magnetic field reaches a critical strength, showing that these oscillations are of magnetic origin. The dynamo mechanism relies on those components of the flow that have length scales lying between that of the large-scale vortex and the typical convective cell size; smaller-scale flows are not required. The large-scale vortex plays a crucial role in the magnetic induction despite being essentially two-dimensional; we thus refer to this dynamo as a large-scale-vortex dynamo. For larger magnetic Reynolds numbers, the dynamo is small scale, with a magnetic energy spectrum that peaks at the scale of the convective cells. In this case, the small-scale magnetic field continuously suppresses the large-scale vortex by disrupting the correlations between the convective velocities that allow it to form. The suppression of the large-scale vortex at high Rm therefore probably limits the relevance of the large-scale-vortex dynamo to astrophysical objects with moderate values of Rm, such as planets. In this context, the ability of the large-scale-vortex dynamo to operate at low magnetic Prandtl numbers is of great interest

Self-consistent simulations of a von K\'arm\'an type dynamo in a spherical domain with metallic walls

We have performed numerical simulations of boundary-driven dynamos using a three-dimensional non-linear magnetohydrodynamical model in a spherical shell geometry. A conducting fluid of magnetic Prandtl number Pm=0.01 is driven into motion by the counter-rotation of the two hemispheric walls. The resulting flow is of von K\'arm\'an type, consisting of a layer of zonal velocity close to the outer wall and a secondary meridional circulation. Above a certain forcing threshold, the mean flow is unstable to non-axisymmetric motions within an equatorial belt. For fixed forcing above this threshold, we have studied the dynamo properties of this flow. The presence of a conducting outer wall is essential to the existence of a dynamo at these parameters. We have therefore studied the effect of changing the material parameters of the wall (magnetic permeability, electrical conductivity, and thickness) on the dynamo. In common with previous studies, we find that dynamos are obtained only when either the conductivity or the permeability is sufficiently large. However, we find that the effect of these two parameters on the dynamo process are different and can even compete to the detriment of the dynamo. Our self-consistent approach allow us to analyze in detail the dynamo feedback loop. The dynamos we obtain are typically dominated by an axisymmetric toroidal magnetic field and an axial dipole component. We show that the ability of the outer shear layer to produce a strong toroidal field depends critically on the presence of a conducting outer wall, which shields the fluid from the vacuum outside. The generation of the axisymmetric poloidal field, on the other hand, occurs in the equatorial belt and does not depend on the wall properties.Comment: accepted for publication in Physical Review

A dynamo driven by zonal jets at the upper surface: Applications to giant planets

We present a dynamo mechanism arising from the presence of barotropically unstable zonal jet currents in a rotating spherical shell. The shear instability of the zonal flow develops in the form of a global Rossby mode, whose azimuthal wavenumber depends on the width of the zonal jets. We obtain self-sustained magnetic fields at magnetic Reynolds numbers greater than 1000. We show that the propagation of the Rossby waves is crucial for dynamo action. The amplitude of the axisymmetric poloidal magnetic field depends on the wavenumber of the Rossby mode, and hence on the width of the zonal jets. We discuss the plausibility of this dynamo mechanism for generating the magnetic field of the giant planets. Our results suggest a possible link between the topology of the magnetic field and the profile of the zonal winds observed at the surface of the giant planets. For narrow Jupiter-like jets, the poloidal magnetic field is dominated by an axial dipole whereas for wide Neptune-like jets, the axisymmetric poloidal field is weak.Comment: published in Icaru

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Dynamos numériques planétaires générées par cisaillement en surface ou chauffage interne

In the first part of this thesis, we develop a hybrid numerical code based on a quasigeostrophic model for the flows inside the planetary cores driven by internal heating. The code calculates the velocity field in the equatorial plane, and the temperature and magnetic fields in three dimensions in the sphere. This hybrid approach allows us to model turbulent convective flows (high Reynolds numbers, Re > 10000) under a strong influence of rotation (small Ekman numbers) for small Prandtl numbers, P = 0.1 − 0.01. Large amplitude geostrophic zonal circulations are a robust feature of these flows. The scale and the amplitude of the zonal motion is controlled by potential vorticity mixing and boundary friction. We identify the presence of large-scale Rossby waves propagating in the vigourously convecting region. The flows produce kinematic dynamos, with a small-scale poloidal magnetic field and a mainly axisymmetric toroidal field. The critical magnetic Reynolds numbers are of order 1000. We find that the impact of the thermal wind on the dynamo threshold is not significant. In the second part of this thesis, we study dynamos generated by surface shears. Spherical Couette flow (the flow between two spheres in differential rotation) produces dynamos with a high critical Reynolds number. By breaking the axial symmetry of the flow, the shear instability (in the form of a wave) plays a crucial role. The toroidal magnetic field is large compared with the poloidal field, suggesting the role of the omega effect in the dynamo process. We study the dynamics and the dynamo action produced by zonal jets, i.e., produced by differential rotation that is alternately westward and eastward with latitude. The zonal jets imposed at the outer surface are modified by Rossby waves, which widen the jets and lower their amplitude. The dynamo mechanism relies on the propagation of the Rossby waves. The amplitude of the axisymmetric poloidal magnetic field depends on the lengthscale of the Rossby waves through their phase speed. As the width of the jets fixes the lengthscale of the Rossby waves, we can establish a link between production of the axisymmetric poloidal magnetic field and the width of the jets.Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous développons un code numérique hybride basé sur un modèle quasi-géostrophique des écoulements dans les noyaux planétaires forcés par un chauffage interne. Le champ de vitesse est calculé dans le plan équatorial ; la température et le champ magnétique sont implémentés en trois dimensions dans la sphère. Cette approche hybride nous permet de modéliser des écoulements convectifs turbulents (grands nombres de Reynolds, Re>10000) sous une forte influence de la rotation (petits nombres d'Ekman) pour des petits nombres de Prandtl, P = 0.1−0.01. Une caractéristique robuste de ces écoulements est la présence d'une circulation géostrophique zonale de grande amplitude et stable dans le temps. La taille et l'amplitude du mouvement zonal sont controlées par le mélange de vorticité potentielle et la friction aux bords. On identifie la présence d'ondes de Rossby de grande taille se propageant dans la zone de convection vigoureuse. Ces écoulements produisent des dynamos cinématiques au champ poloïdal de petite échelle et au champ toroïdal dominé par le mode axisymétrique. Les nombres de Reynolds magnétiques critiques sont de l'ordre de 1000. Nous montrons que l'impact du vent thermique agéostrophique sur le seuil dynamo n'est pas significatif. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous étudions les dynamos générées par un cisaillement en surface. Un écoulement de Couette sphérique (écoulement entre deux sphères en rotation différentielle) produit des dynamos aux nombres de Reynolds magnétiques critiques élevés. La brisure de symétrie axiale de l'écoulement par l'instabilité en cisaillement (prenant la forme d'une onde) est cruciale. Le champ magnétique toroïdal est de grande amplitude par rapport au champ poloïdal impliquant le rôle de l'effet omega dans le processus. Nous étudions ensuite la dynamique et l'effet dynamo produits par des jets zonaux, i.e., des mouvements de rotation différentielle alternativement est-ouest en latitude. Les jets zonaux imposés en surface sont modifiés par des ondes de Rossby qui provoquent un élargissement des jets et une diminution de leur amplitude. Le mécanisme dynamo est basé sur la propagation des ondes de Rossby. On a relié l'amplitude du champ magnétique poloïdal axisymétrique au nombre d'onde du mode de Rossby à travers sa vitesse de phase. Le nombre d'onde du mode de Rossby étant lié à l'épaisseur des jets, on établit un lien entre production de champ poloïdal axisymétrique et épaisseur des jets zonaux

Multiple zonal jets and convective heat transport barriers in a quasi-geostrophic model of planetary cores

25 pages, 13 figues, published in Geophys. J. IntInternational audienceWe study rapidly-rotating Boussinesq convection driven by internal heating in a full sphere. We use a numerical model based on the quasi-geostrophic approximation for the velocity field, whereas the temperature field is three-dimensional. This approximation allows us to perform simulations for Ekman numbers down to 1e-8, Prandtl numbers relevant for liquid metals (~0.1) and Reynolds numbers up to 3e4. Persistent zonal flows composed of multiple jets form as a result of the mixing of potential vorticity. For the largest Rayleigh numbers computed, the zonal velocity is larger than the convective velocity despite the presence of boundary friction. The convective structures and the zonal jets widen when the thermal forcing increases. Prograde and retrograde zonal jets are dynamically different: in the prograde jets (which correspond to weak potential vorticity gradients) the convection transports heat efficiently and the mean temperature tends to be homogenised; by contrast, in the cores of the retrograde jets (which correspond to steep gradients of potential vorticity) the dynamics is dominated by the propagation of Rossby waves, resulting in the formation of steep mean temperature gradients and the dominance of conduction in the heat transfer process. Consequently, in quasi-geostrophic systems, the width of the retrograde zonal jets controls the efficiency of the heat transfer

The rotation rate of the solar radiative zone

International audienceThe rotation rate of the solar radiative zone is an important diagnostic for angular momentum transport in the tachocline and below. In this paper, we study the contribution of viscous and magnetic stresses to the global angular momentum balance. By considering a simple linearized toy model, we discuss the effects of field geometry and applied boundary conditions on the predicted rotation profile and rotation rate of the radiative interior. We compare these analytical predictions with fully nonlinear simulations of the dynamics of the radiative interior, as well as with observations. We discuss the implications of these results as constraints on models of the solar interior