Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Estudo duplo cego comparativo entre hidroquinona e extrato de uva-ursina no tratamento do melasma

Introdução: Melasma é hiperpigmentação adquirida e progressiva em áreas fotoexpostas. Seu tratamento continua sendo um desafio por ser dermatose recorrente e refratária. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança do Skin Whitening Complex no tratamento do melasma facial, e compará-lo à hidroquinona. Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo duplo-cego comparativo com 13 mulheres portadoras de melasma.Todas receberam duas formulações diferentes, identificadas como “lado direito da face” e “lado esquerdo da face”, que foram aplicadas duas vezes ao dia durante 90 dias consecutivos. Apenas o farmacêutico responsável tinha conhecimento do conteúdo. Para análise estatística foram realizados os testes de Wilcoxon e ¿2 de McNemar-Bowker. Resultados: Das 13 pacientes, 10 apresentaram melhora clínica global do melasma. Na hemiface tratada com hidroquinona a 4%, a melhora foi total em quatro pacientes, e parcial em seis (p = 0,004). Na hemiface tratada com Skin Whitening Complex 5%, a melhora foi total em duas pacientes, e parcial em seis (p = 0,007). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois tratamentos (p = 0,223). Conclusões: Embora o tratamento com hidroquinona 4% apresente melhor resultado clínico, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois tratamentos. O SWC 5% mostrou-se eficiente e seguro no tratamento do melasma

Oral isotretinoin in photoaging: objective histological evidence of efficacy and durability

Tulia Cuzzi. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Documento produzido em parceria ou por autor vinculado à Fiocruz, mas não consta a informação no documento.Submitted by Repositório Arca ([email protected]) on 2019-04-24T17:38:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-08-12T13:41:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ve_Bravo_Bruna_etal_INI_2015.pdf: 217387 bytes, checksum: 359a52985b36e09323523fb1a567449c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T13:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ve_Bravo_Bruna_etal_INI_2015.pdf: 217387 bytes, checksum: 359a52985b36e09323523fb1a567449c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Hospital Federal da Lagoa. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.BACKGROUND: The off-label use of oral isotretinoin in photoaging is a therapeutic tool that has been used by dermatologists. There are few studies to corroborate its effectiveness and durability. OBJECTIVES: To assess, both clinically and histologically, the changes caused by the use of oral isotretinoin in skin photoaging as well as the duration of the effects. METHODS: 20 female patients, aged 45-50 years, with phototypes II-VI, none of whom had experienced menopause, were treated with 20mg oral isotretinoin, 3 days a week, for 12 weeks. They underwent clinical analysis and skin biopsies in the pre-auricular region, while histologic cuts enabled assessment of the solar elastosis level and morphologic analysis. RESULTS: Clinically, patients, as well as the researching and the assessor physicians, noticed improvement in skin quality. One patient presented severe solar elastosis, 11 manifested the moderate form, while 8 presented the discreet type. According to histological analysis, 65% of the patients revealed alteration in the distribution and thickness of the elastic fi bers, which can be interpreted as a histological improvement, while 60% showed an increase in collagen density. We observed an increase in collagen density, from 51.2% to 57.4%, (p=0.004). At the end of the 12-week follow-up period, this density decreased to 54.7% (p=0.050). There was an increase in the density of elastic fibers, from 26.5% to 31.3%, (p=0.02), which had dropped to 27.5% at the end of the 12- week follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed the role of oral isotretinoin in remodeling the extracellular matrix against photoaging, as well as its durability after 12 weeks, especially when we consider collagen fibers

Global maps of soil temperature

Abstract Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications