Autoridad pedagógica

El objetivo del presente artículo, es caracterizar la autoridad pedagógica a partir del análisis del desempeño ético - profesional del docente, este estudio es importante por cuanto en los últimos años se habla mucho de la disciplina universitaria y se alude al poco respeto que hay para los maestros. Es importante entonces buscar las fuentes de la autoridad pedagógica y las causales de su deterioro. La investigación descriptiva, se realizó en la Universidad Técnica de Machala, con un población muestra de 373 alumnos, a quienes se le aplicó una encuesta de opinión sobre el desempeño docente y el ejercicio de autoridad en el contexto universitarios. Para el desarrollo de la temática se ha seleccionado autores de la corriente crítica, como Freire (1970, 2002) y Giroux (2001, 2013) y artículos actualizados de diferentes autoras que analizan la temática. En los resultados de las encuestas, se constata la relación directa de la autoridad docente con el manejo científico y el desempeño pedagógico de los profesores. Loa alumnos expresan confianza con los maestros que tienen una relación dialógica con ellos. En el contexto estudiado se revelan ciertos niveles de autoritarismo, que devienen de una cultura pedagógica tradicional que no promociona la participación constructiva de los alumnos. En la Universidad, las prácticas autoritarias cierran espacios para el desarrollo autónomo y creativo de los estudiantes. El estudio aporta para trazar políticas que permitan fortalecer la autoridad pedagógica con liderazgo, pensando que el respeto se lo gana en el trabajo profesional responsable. En los modelos cognitivista y constructivista introducidos en las universidades, es importante es importante que el maestro abra los espacios de decisión para fortalecer la autonomía y la confianza de los alumnos

Autoridad pedagógica

El objetivo del presente artículo, es caracterizar la autoridad pedagógica a partir del análisis del desempeño ético - profesional del docente, este estudio es importante por cuanto en los últimos años se habla mucho de la disciplina universitaria y se alude al poco respeto que hay para los maestros. Es importante entonces buscar las fuentes de la autoridad pedagógica y las causales de su deterioro. La investigación descriptiva, se realizó en la Universidad Técnica de Machala, con un población muestra de 373 alumnos, a quienes se le aplicó una encuesta de opinión sobre el desempeño docente y el ejercicio de autoridad en el contexto universitarios. Para el desarrollo de la temática se ha seleccionado autores de la corriente crítica, como Freire (1970, 2002) y Giroux (2001, 2013) y artículos actualizados de diferentes autoras que analizan la temática. En los resultados de las encuestas, se constata la relación directa de la autoridad docente con el manejo científico y el desempeño pedagógico de los profesores. Loa alumnos expresan confianza con los maestros que tienen una relación dialógica con ellos. En el contexto estudiado se revelan ciertos niveles de autoritarismo, que devienen de una cultura pedagógica tradicional que no promociona la participación constructiva de los alumnos. En la Universidad, las prácticas autoritarias cierran espacios para el desarrollo autónomo y creativo de los estudiantes. El estudio aporta para trazar políticas que permitan fortalecer la autoridad pedagógica con liderazgo, pensando que el respeto se lo gana en el trabajo profesional responsable. En los modelos cognitivista y constructivista introducidos en las universidades, es importante es importante que el maestro abra los espacios de decisión para fortalecer la autonomía y la confianza de los alumnos

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Autoridad pedagógica

In recent years there is much talk of university discipline and alludes to the little respect for teachers. It is important then to look for the sources of pedagogical authority and the causes of their deterioration. The objective of this study is to characterize the pedagogical authority, based on the analysis of the teacher's professional-ethical performance. A descriptive investigation was carried out at the Technical University of Machala, with a sample population of 373 students, who were given an opinion survey on the teaching performance and the exercise of authority in the university context. The correlations show the direct relationship of the teaching authority with the management of the contents and the pedagogical performance. 63.5% express partial respect for teachers; and 47.5% are partially satisfied with the teacher's preparation. Students express confidence with teachers who have a dialogical relationship with them. In the context studied, certain levels of authoritarianism are revealed, which come from a traditional pedagogical culture that does not promote the constructive participation of students. In the University, authoritarian practices close spaces for the autonomous and creative development of students. The study contributes to draw up policies that allow to strengthen the pedagogical authority with leadership, thinking that respect is earned in responsible professional work. In the cognitivist and constructivist models introduced in the universities, it is important that the teacher opens the decision spaces to strengthen the autonomy and confidence of the students.El objetivo del presente artículo, es caracterizar la autoridad pedagógica a partir del análisis del desempeño ético - profesional del docente, este estudio es importante por cuanto en los últimos años se habla mucho de la disciplina universitaria y se alude al poco respeto que hay para los maestros. Es importante entonces buscar las fuentes de la autoridad pedagógica y las causales de su deterioro. La investigación descriptiva, se realizó en la Universidad Técnica de Machala, con un población muestra de 373 alumnos, a quienes se le aplicó una encuesta de opinión sobre el desempeño docente y el ejercicio de autoridad en el contexto universitarios.  Para el desarrollo de la temática se ha seleccionado autores de la corriente crítica, como Freire (1970, 2002) y Giroux (2001, 2013) y artículos actualizados de diferentes autoras que analizan la temática. En los resultados de las encuestas, se constata la relación directa de la autoridad docente con el manejo científico y el desempeño pedagógico de los profesores. Loa alumnos expresan confianza con los maestros que tienen una relación dialógica con ellos. En el contexto estudiado se revelan ciertos niveles de autoritarismo, que devienen de una cultura pedagógica tradicional que no promociona la participación constructiva de los alumnos. En la Universidad, las prácticas autoritarias cierran espacios para el desarrollo autónomo y creativo de los estudiantes. El estudio aporta para trazar políticas que permitan fortalecer la autoridad pedagógica con liderazgo, pensando que el respeto se lo gana en el trabajo profesional responsable. En los modelos cognitivista y constructivista introducidos en las universidades, es importante es importante que el maestro abra los espacios de decisión para fortalecer la autonomía y la confianza de los alumnos

Tradición pesquera artesanal e identidad sociocultural de Puerto Bolívar: contexto del Golfo de Guayaquil-Ecuador

Fishing is considered one of the main subsistence activities throughout the world and one of the oldest ways in which people have met part of their basic needs. In the case of artisanal fishing, in addition to being a source of food, it is also an important option for obtaining economic income and, even more, for generating social ties between those who engage in it. This is the reality that is shown, specifically, the social, cultural and economic realities that surround artisanal fishing as a tradition and generator of sociocultural identity in the context of Puerto Bolívar, in the Gulf of Guayaquil. The research aims to analyze the relationship between fishing tradition and cultural identity from the hermeneutics of various texts and institutional sources that have been contrasted with the historical and geographical reality in the area. Among the results are the more cultural than economic roots of fishing; its economic and cultural impact, as well as ecological damage due to the cutting down of mangroves to build shrimp farms. It is concluded that for the design and execution of public policies, cultural practices and the ecological issue must be respected.La pesca es tenida como una de las principales actividades de subsistencia en el mundo entero y una de las maneras más antiguas mediante la cual las personas han resuelto parte de sus necesidades básicas. En el caso de la pesca artesanal, además de ser una fuente de alimentación, también resulta una opción importante para la obtención de ingresos económicos y, más aún, para la generación de vínculos sociales entre quienes se dedican a ella. Esta es la realidad que se muestra, concretamente, las realidades sociales, culturales y económicas que rodean a la pesca artesanal como tradición y generadora de identidad sociocultural en el contexto de Puerto Bolívar, en el Golfo de Guayaquil. La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre tradición pesquera e identidad cultural desde la hermenéutica de diversos textos y fuentes institucionales que han sido contrastadas con la realidad histórica y geográfica en la zona. Entre los resultados destacan el arraigo más cultural que económico de la pesca; su afectación económica y cultural, además de daños ecológicos por la tala de manglares para construir camaroneras. Se concluye, que para el diseño y ejecución de políticas públicas, se debe respetar las prácticas culturales y el tema ecológico

Capacitación docente en el tratamiento pedagógico de estudiantes con discapacidades temporales y permanentes

Introduction: Evidence has shown that teachers today are not equipped to work in their classrooms with students who have learning difficulties and especially with those who have temporary and permanent disabilities. Current legal norms are clear and forceful in demanding educational inclusion. Not only do the constitution and the law of bilingual intercultural education state that educational institutions are obliged to educate, train and promote children and young people with different abilities, but they must also include them in their regular education programs. Objective: To present an alternative and innovative project in the current educational system for teacher training in the pedagogical treatment of students with temporary and permanent disabilities. Methods: A descriptive and experimental research was used as variables were manipulated, a pre-test and a post-test were also applied before and after teacher training on the subject of temporary and permanent disabilities and a comparison of the two results was made using the student's t statistic. Results: It was confirmed that there was an improvement in the teachers' knowledge about the pedagogical treatment of students with disabilities. Conclusions: The training of the teachers of the Leonardo Da Vinci educational unit in the city of Riobamba on the pedagogical attention to students with permanent and temporary disabilities was effective, therefore it is expected that this project will serve as a "pilot experiment" so that it can be implemented in all the schools in the city and province, thus helping this group that has been so unprotected and neglected in recent times, such as students with different abilities, to have better opportunities for development and progress in their lives.Introducción: Se ha podido evidenciar que los maestros en la actualidad no están capacitados para trabajar en sus aulas educativas con estudiantes con problemas de aprendizaje y sobre todo con discapacidades temporales y permanentes, en la actualidad las normas legales son claras y contundentes al exigir la inclusión educativa, No solo la constitución y la ley de educación intercultural bilingüe, manifiestan que las Instituciones educativas están obligadas a formar, educar y promocionar a niños y jóvenes con capacidades diferentes, sino que los deben incluir en sus programas de educación regular. Objetivo: Presentar un proyecto alternativo e innovador en el sistema educativo actual para Capacitación docente en el tratamiento pedagógico de estudiantes con discapacidades temporales y permanentes Métodos: Se utilizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva y experimental ya que se manipuló variables, de igual forma se aplicó un pre test y un post test antes y después de la capacitación docentes sobre el tema discapacidades temporales y permanentes y se realizó una comparación de los dos resultados utilizando el estadístico t de student Resultados: se comprobó que hubo un mejoramiento en los conocimientos de los maestros sobre el tratamiento pedagógico a estudiantes que presentan discapacidades Conclusiones: La capacitación de los docentes de la unidad educativa Leonardo Da Vinci de la ciudad de Riobamba en materia de atención pedagógica a estudiantes que presentan discapacidades permanentes y temporales,  fue efectiva por lo cual se espera que este proyecto sirva de “experimento piloto” para que pueda ser implementada en todos los colegios de la ciudad y provincia logrando de esta manera ayudar a este colectivo tan desprotegido y desamparado en los últimos tiempos como son los estudiantes con capacidades diferentes, pudiendo así tener mejores oportunidades de desarrollo y progreso en sus vidas