22 research outputs found

    Genotyping of South American clinical isolates of Pythium insidiosum based on single nucleotide polymorphism-based multiplex PCR

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    We aimed to genotype the South American clinical isolates of Pythium insidiosum using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the ribosomal DNA sequences (rDNA). Previously, an SNP-based multiplex-PCR was able to distinguish three different clades of P. insidiosum isolates. Thus, we used this assay to evaluate South American clinical isolates of P. insidiosum (n=32), standard strains from Costa Rica (n=4), Thailand (n=3), Japan (n=1), and India (n=1), a standard strain of Pythium aphanidermatum, and Brazilian environmental isolates of Pythium torulosum, Pythium rhizo-oryzae and Pythium pachycaule voucher (n=3). It was possible to allocate each American P. insidiosum isolate to clade I, the isolates of India, Japan, and Thailand to clade II, and the Thai isolate to clade III. P. aphanidermatum, P.torulosum, P.rhizo-oryzae and P.pachycaule voucher isolates were not amplified. For the first time, a P. insidiosum isolate from Uruguay, South America, was included in molecular analyzes. By SNP-based multiplex-PCR, it was possible to perform the identification and genotyping of the South American isolates of P. insidiosum, demonstrating similar genetic characteristics of these isolates. Key words: Pythium insidiosum, Pythiosis, molecular detection, genotype, single nucleotide polimorphisms.O objetivo deste estudo foi genotipar isolados clĂ­nicos de Pythium insidiosum da AmĂ©rica do Sul utilizando polimorfismos de nucleotĂ­deo Ășnico (SNP) de sequĂȘncias de rDNA. Anteriormente, um multiplex-PCR baseado em SNP foi capaz de distinguir P. insidiosum em trĂȘs diferentes clados. Dessa forma, utilizamos este mĂ©todo para avaliar isolados clĂ­nicos de P. insidiosum da AmĂ©rica do Sul (n=32), cepas padrĂŁo da Costa Rica (n=4), TailĂąndia (n=3), JapĂŁo (n=1) e Índia (n=1), uma cepa padrĂŁo de Pythium aphanidermatum e isolados ambientais brasileiros de Pythium torulosum; Pythium rhizo-oryzae e Pythium pachycaule voucher (n=3). Os isolados analisados foram alocados aos clados: I (americanos), II (isolados da Índia, JapĂŁo e TailĂąndia), e III (um isolado tailandĂȘs). P. aphanidermatum, P.torulosum, P.rhizo-oryzae e P.pachycaule voucher nĂŁo foram amplificados. Pela primeira vez, um isolado de P. insidiosum do Uruguai foi incluĂ­do em anĂĄlises moleculares. AtravĂ©s da multiplex-PCR baseada em SNP, foi possĂ­vel realizar a identificação e genotipagem dos isolados sulamericanos de P. insidiosum, demonstrando caracterĂ­sticas genĂ©ticas semelhantes entre esses isolados

    OcorrĂȘncia de Leptospira spp. e fatores associados Ă  infecção em equinos de contingente militar no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

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    The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. and infection risk factors were investigated in horses from a military contingent in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A total of 446 horses were evaluated and categorized into 309 mares, 11 stallions, and 126 horses with an average age of three years. To determine seroprevalence, serum samples from all horses were submitted to the microscopic agglutination test against 12 serovars belonging to nine serogroups, usually circulating in equine populations. To investigate the possible risk factors of infection by Leptospira spp., questionnaires were applied in that military unit. The seroprevalence in the horses with an average age of 3 years, mares, and stallions were 57.94% (73/126), 54.05% (165/309), and 45.45% (5/11), respectively. The main risk factors identified were contact with different water sources, the presence of rodents, and contact with wild and domestic animals. The high seroprevalence of anti‑Leptospira spp. antibodies may be associated with the presence of these risk factors. Therefore, the exposure of horses to possible reservoirs of Leptospira spp. should be minimized. Also, the immunoprophylaxis protocol should be reviewed and a shorter interval between vaccinations adopted to control leptospirosis in this herd. A soroprevalĂȘncia de Leptospira spp. e os fatores de risco para infecção foram investigados em cavalos de um contingente militar no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Um total de 446 cavalos foram avaliados e categorizados em 309 Ă©guas, 11 garanhĂ”es e 126 cavalos com idade mĂ©dia de trĂȘs anos. Para determinação da soroprevalĂȘncia, amostras de soro de todos os equinos foram submetidas ao teste de aglutinação microscĂłpica contra 12 sorovares pertencentes a nove sorogrupos, normalmente circulantes em populaçÔes equinas. Para investigar os possĂ­veis fatores de risco da infecção por Leptospira spp., foi aplicado um questionĂĄrio naquela unidade militar. A soroprevalĂȘncia nos cavalos com idade mĂ©dia de trĂȘs anos, Ă©guas e garanhĂ”es foi de 57,94% (73/126), 54,05% (165/309) e 45,45% (5/11), respectivamente. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram o contato com diferentes fontes de ĂĄgua, a presença de roedores e o contato com animais silvestres e domĂ©sticos. A alta soroprevalĂȘncia de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. pode estar associada Ă  presença desses fatores de risco. Portanto, a exposição destes equinos aos possĂ­veis reservatĂłrios de Leptospira spp. deve ser minimizada. AlĂ©m disso, o protocolo de imunoprofilaxia deve ser revisto e, possivelmente, um menor intervalo entre as vacinas deve ser adotado para o controle da leptospirose neste plantel

    SoroprevalĂȘncia da infecção por pythium insidiosum em equinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul

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    An epidemiological survey was carried out by performing an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test to determine the seroprevalence of Pythium insidiosum infection in equine in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. The serological study covered seven geographical regions of RS, classified according to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatĂ­stica (IBGE). The samples were obtained from official veterinary service (Serviço VeterinĂĄrio Oficial, SVO) linked to the Secretaria da Agricultura, PecuĂĄria e AgronegĂłcio of RS (SEAPA-RS) to proceed the investigation of equine infectious anemia in 2014. Samples were collected during the months of September and October of 2013, covering the seven geographical regions of RS, and totalized 1,002 serum samples. The seroprevalence for P. insidiosum in RS was 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22). The relative risk (RR) of the presence of antibodies anti-P. insidiosum was in the regions Southeast 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8), Porto Alegre 4.62 (CI95%, 1.70 to 12.55), Southwest 11.17 (CI95%, 4.65 to 26.8) and Northwestern 3.72 (CI95%, 1.52 to 9.09). The highest prevalence (69.1%) was observed in females with RR of 1.59 (CI95%, 1.11 to 2.27). When the presence of dams was evaluated, the seropositivity was evident in 74.4%, presenting an association of 2.13 (CI95%, 1.16 to 3.91) compared to farms without dams. In properties with veterinary assistance, the frequency of 72.7% and RR of 3.04 (CI95%,, 1,85 to 4,98) of seropositivity were observed. Due to the importance of pythiosis in horse herds, this study highlights the presence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in horses in RS, Brazil.Um levantamento soroepidemiolĂłgico foi realizado atravĂ©s do teste de ELISA indireto para determinar a soroprevalĂȘncia da infecção por Pythium insidiosum em equinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), classificadas de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatĂ­stica (IBGE). As amostras utilizadas eram provenientes do cadastro das propriedades do Serviço VeterinĂĄrio Oficial (SVO), da Secretaria da Agricultura, PecuĂĄria e AgronegĂłcio do RS (SEAPA-RS), coletadas para o inquĂ©rito da anemia infecciosa equina de 2014. As coletas foram realizadas durante os meses de setembro e outubro de 2013, abrangendo as sete mesorregiĂ”es geogrĂĄficas do RS, e totalizaram 1.002 amostras de soro. Do total das amostras testadas, 11.1% (CI95% 9.23 to 13.22) foram soropositivas para P. insidiosum. Constatou-se o risco relativo (RR) da presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum nas regiĂ”es Sudeste 11,17(IC95%, 4,65- 26,8), Porto Alegre 4,62 (IC95%, 1,70-12,55), Sudoeste 11,17 (IC95%, 4,65-26,8) e Noroeste 3,72 (IC95%, 1,52-9,09). Observou-se a maior soroprevalĂȘncia (69,1%) em fĂȘmeas com RR de 1,59 (IC95%, 1,11- 2,27). Quanto Ă  presença de açudes, evidenciou-se soropositividade em 74,4% das propriedades, apresentando associação de 2,13 (IC95%,1,16-3,91) em comparação com propriedades sem açude. Em propriedades com assistĂȘncia veterinĂĄria, foi verificada a frequĂȘncia de 72,7% e RR de 3,04 (IC95%,1,85-4,98). Diante da relevĂąncia da pitiose em rebanhos equinos, destaca-se a presença de anticorpos anti-P. insidiosum em equinos no estado do RS

    Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

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    Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

    Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract of swine in southern of Brazil

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    The present study determined the molecular and resistance patterns of E. coli isolates from urinary tract of swine in Southern of Brazil. Molecular characterization of urinary vesicle samples was performed by PCR detection of virulence factors from ETEC, STEC and UPEC. From a total of 82 E. coli isolates, 34 (38.63%) harbored one or more virulence factors. The frequency of virulence factors genes detected by PCR were: pap (10.97%), hlyA (10.97%), iha (9.75%), lt (8.53%), sta (7.31%) sfa (6.09%), f4 (4.87%), f5 (4.87%), stb (4.87%), f6 (1.21%) and f41 (1.21%). Isolates were resistant to penicillin (95.12%), lincomycin (93.9%), erythromycin (92.68%), tetracycline (90.24%), amoxicillin (82.92%), ampicillin (74.39%), josamycin (79.26%), norfloxacin (58.53%), enrofloxacin (57.31%), gentamicin (39.02%), neomycin (37.8%), apramycin (30.48%), colistine (30.48%) and cefalexin (6.09%). A number of 32 (39.02%) E. coli isolates harbored plasmids

    Pesquisa retrospectiva de antĂ­genos do vĂ­rus respiratĂłrio sincicial bovino (BRSV) em cortes histolĂłgicos por imunofluorescĂȘncia e imunohistoquĂ­mica

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    O VĂ­rus RespiratĂłrio Sincicial Bovino (BRSV) tem sido raramente identificado como agente etiolĂłgico de doença respiratĂłria em bovinos no Brasil. Isso contrasta com freqĂŒentes relatos clĂ­nicos e histopatolĂłgicos sugestivos de enfermidade associada ao BRSV. Com o objetivo de investigar o possĂ­vel envolvimento do BRSV em casos de pneumonia em bovinos jovens, realizou-se uma pesquisa retrospectiva para antĂ­genos do BRSV em cortes histolĂłgicos de materiais submetidos a quatro serviços de diagnĂłstico nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Minas Gerais. Dez entre 41 casos examinados (24,4%) foram positivos para antĂ­genos do BRSV por imunohistoquĂ­mica (IPX). Oito desses casos (19,5%) tambĂ©m foram positivos por imunofluorescĂȘncia (IFA) e 31 casos (75,6%) foram negativos em ambos os testes. Nos pulmĂ”es, antĂ­genos virais foram detectados predominantemente nas cĂ©lulas epiteliais dos bronquĂ­olos e menos freqĂŒentemente nos alveĂłlos. Em um caso, antĂ­genos virais foram detectados exclusivamente no epitĂ©lio alveolar. A presença de cĂ©lulas positivas restringiu-se ao epitĂ©lio dessas vias aĂ©reas. Em dois casos, antĂ­genos virais foram detectados em cĂ©lulas descamativas e em restos celulares no exsudato das vias aĂ©reas. Os casos positivos para antĂ­genos do BRSV eram oriundos principalmente de animais jovens (2 a 12 meses de idade) de rebanhos leiteiros. As principais alteraçÔes histolĂłgicas observadas foram pneumonia bronco-intersticial caracterizada por espessamento dos septos alveolares adjacentes Ă s vias aĂ©reas, infiltrados de cĂ©lulas mononucleares e presença de cĂ©lulas gigantes multinucleadas nos alveĂłlos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a utilidade dos mĂ©todos de detecção de antĂ­genos em cortes histolĂłgicos para o diagnĂłstico da infecção pelo BRSV. AlĂ©m disso, esses resultados confirmam evidĂȘncias anteriores sobre a importĂąncia do BRSV como patĂłgeno respiratĂłrio no sudeste e sul do Brasil.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) has been only sporadically identified as a causative agent of respiratory disease in Brazil. This contrasts with frequent reports of clinical and histopathological findings suggestive of BRSV-associated disease. In order to examine a possible involvement of BRSV in cases of calf pneumonia, a retrospective search was performed for BRSV antigens in histological specimens submitted to veterinary diagnostic services from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. Ten out of 41 cases examined (24.4%) were positive for BRSV antigens by immunohistochemistry (IPX). Eight of these cases (19.5%) were also positive by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and 31 cases (75.6%) were negative in both assays. In the lungs, BRSV antigens were predominantly observed in epithelial cells of bronchioles and less frequently found in alveoli. In one case, antigens were detected only in the epithelium of the alveolar septae. The presence of antigen-positive cells was largely restricted to epithelial cells of these airways. In two cases, positive staining was also observed in cells and cellular debris in the exudate within the pulmonary airways. The clinical cases positive for BRSV antigens were observed mainly in young animals (2 to 12 month-old) from dairy herds. The main microscopic changes included bronchointerstitial pneumonia characterized by thickening of alveolar septae adjacent to airways by mononuclear cell infiltrates, and the presence of alveolar syncytial giant cells. In summary, the results demonstrate the suitability of the immunodetection of viral antigens in routinely fixed tissue specimens as a diagnostic tool for BRSV infection. Moreover, the findings provide further evidence of the importance of BRSV as a respiratory pathogen of young cattle in southeastern and southern Brazil

    Pesquisa retrospectiva de antĂ­genos do vĂ­rus respiratĂłrio sincicial bovino (BRSV) em cortes histolĂłgicos por imunofluorescĂȘncia e imunohistoquĂ­mica

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    O VĂ­rus RespiratĂłrio Sincicial Bovino (BRSV) tem sido raramente identificado como agente etiolĂłgico de doença respiratĂłria em bovinos no Brasil. Isso contrasta com freqĂŒentes relatos clĂ­nicos e histopatolĂłgicos sugestivos de enfermidade associada ao BRSV. Com o objetivo de investigar o possĂ­vel envolvimento do BRSV em casos de pneumonia em bovinos jovens, realizou-se uma pesquisa retrospectiva para antĂ­genos do BRSV em cortes histolĂłgicos de materiais submetidos a quatro serviços de diagnĂłstico nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Minas Gerais. Dez entre 41 casos examinados (24,4%) foram positivos para antĂ­genos do BRSV por imunohistoquĂ­mica (IPX). Oito desses casos (19,5%) tambĂ©m foram positivos por imunofluorescĂȘncia (IFA) e 31 casos (75,6%) foram negativos em ambos os testes. Nos pulmĂ”es, antĂ­genos virais foram detectados predominantemente nas cĂ©lulas epiteliais dos bronquĂ­olos e menos freqĂŒentemente nos alveĂłlos. Em um caso, antĂ­genos virais foram detectados exclusivamente no epitĂ©lio alveolar. A presença de cĂ©lulas positivas restringiu-se ao epitĂ©lio dessas vias aĂ©reas. Em dois casos, antĂ­genos virais foram detectados em cĂ©lulas descamativas e em restos celulares no exsudato das vias aĂ©reas. Os casos positivos para antĂ­genos do BRSV eram oriundos principalmente de animais jovens (2 a 12 meses de idade) de rebanhos leiteiros. As principais alteraçÔes histolĂłgicas observadas foram pneumonia bronco-intersticial caracterizada por espessamento dos septos alveolares adjacentes Ă s vias aĂ©reas, infiltrados de cĂ©lulas mononucleares e presença de cĂ©lulas gigantes multinucleadas nos alveĂłlos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a utilidade dos mĂ©todos de detecção de antĂ­genos em cortes histolĂłgicos para o diagnĂłstico da infecção pelo BRSV. AlĂ©m disso, esses resultados confirmam evidĂȘncias anteriores sobre a importĂąncia do BRSV como patĂłgeno respiratĂłrio no sudeste e sul do Brasil.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) has been only sporadically identified as a causative agent of respiratory disease in Brazil. This contrasts with frequent reports of clinical and histopathological findings suggestive of BRSV-associated disease. In order to examine a possible involvement of BRSV in cases of calf pneumonia, a retrospective search was performed for BRSV antigens in histological specimens submitted to veterinary diagnostic services from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais. Ten out of 41 cases examined (24.4%) were positive for BRSV antigens by immunohistochemistry (IPX). Eight of these cases (19.5%) were also positive by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and 31 cases (75.6%) were negative in both assays. In the lungs, BRSV antigens were predominantly observed in epithelial cells of bronchioles and less frequently found in alveoli. In one case, antigens were detected only in the epithelium of the alveolar septae. The presence of antigen-positive cells was largely restricted to epithelial cells of these airways. In two cases, positive staining was also observed in cells and cellular debris in the exudate within the pulmonary airways. The clinical cases positive for BRSV antigens were observed mainly in young animals (2 to 12 month-old) from dairy herds. The main microscopic changes included bronchointerstitial pneumonia characterized by thickening of alveolar septae adjacent to airways by mononuclear cell infiltrates, and the presence of alveolar syncytial giant cells. In summary, the results demonstrate the suitability of the immunodetection of viral antigens in routinely fixed tissue specimens as a diagnostic tool for BRSV infection. Moreover, the findings provide further evidence of the importance of BRSV as a respiratory pathogen of young cattle in southeastern and southern Brazil
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