Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer

This Review was sponsored and funded by the International Society of Cancer Prevention (ISCaP), the European Association of Urology (EAU), the National Cancer Institute, USA (NCI) (grant number 1R13CA171707-01), Prostate Cancer UK, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (grant number C569/A16477), and the Association for International Cancer Research (AICR

Cytosolic PLA2 is required for CTL-mediated immunopathology of celiac disease via NKG2D and IL-15

IL-15 and NKG2D promote autoimmunity and celiac disease by arming cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to cause tissue destruction. However, the downstream signaling events underlying these functional properties remain unclear. Here, we identify cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) as a central molecule in NKG2D-mediated cytolysis in CTLs. Furthermore, we report that NKG2D induces, upon recognition of MIC+ target cells, the release of arachidonic acid (AA) by CTLs to promote tissue inflammation in association with target killing. Interestingly, IL-15, which licenses NKG2D-mediated lymphokine killer activity in CTLs, cooperates with NKG2D to induce cPLA2 activation and AA release. Finally, cPLA2 activation in intraepithelial CTLs of celiac patients provides an in vivo pathophysiological dimension to cPLA2 activation in CTLs. These results reveal an unrecognized link between NKG2D and tissue inflammation, which may underlie the emerging role of NKG2D in various immunopathological conditions and define new therapeutic targets

ADD-ASPIRIN: A phase III, double-blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial assessing the effects of aspirin on disease recurrence and survival after primary therapy in common non-metastatic solid tumours

AbstractBackgroundThere is a considerable body of pre-clinical, epidemiological and randomised data to support the hypothesis that aspirin has the potential to be an effective adjuvant cancer therapy.MethodsAdd-Aspirin is a phase III, multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial with four parallel cohorts. Patients who have undergone potentially curative treatment for breast (n=3100), colorectal (n=2600), gastro-oesophageal (n=2100) or prostate cancer (n=2120) are registered into four tumour specific cohorts. All cohorts recruit in the United Kingdom, with the breast and gastro-oesophageal cohort also recruiting in India. Eligible participants first undertake an active run-in period where 100mg aspirin is taken daily for approximately eight weeks. Participants who are able to adhere and tolerate aspirin then undergo a double-blind randomisation and are allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to either 100mg aspirin, 300mg aspirin or a matched placebo to be taken daily for at least five years. Those participants ≥75years old are only randomised to 100mg aspirin or placebo due to increased toxicity risk.ResultsThe primary outcome measures are invasive disease-free survival for the breast cohort, disease-free survival for the colorectal cohort, overall survival for the gastro-oesophageal cohort, and biochemical recurrence-free survival for the prostate cohort, with a co-primary outcome of overall survival across all cohorts. Secondary outcomes include adherence, toxicity including serious haemorrhage, cardiovascular events and some cohort specific measures.ConclusionsThe Add-Aspirin trial investigates whether regular aspirin use after standard therapy prevents recurrence and prolongs survival in participants with four non-metastatic common solid tumours

A Woman’s Loss of Imagination: Paola Masino’s Magical Realism in Nascita e morte della Massaia

Criticism on Paola Masino has flourished since the early 2000s. This increased attention has contributed towards reclaiming an author often overshadowed by the attention received by her partner, Massimo Bontempelli, the father of realismo magico. Masino experimented with a variety of styles—realismo magico was one of them—as she rejected strictly naturalistic forms of representation, preferring to co-opt myths and the supernatural. Nascita e morte della Massaia (1945) is Masino’s most renowned literary effort, both for its critique of Fascist Italy and for its sophisticated stylistic effects. Nascita, while indebted to Bontempelli’s theorizations, features all the chief characteristics listed in Faris’s analysis of magical realism as an international phenomenon, and illustrates how magical realism offers strategies for evading censorship to those writing against totalitarianism regimes. At the same time, it is an example of how magical realism can be used to denounce socially imposed gender roles. My analysis shows how this narrative mode emerges on multiple levels within Masino’s text

8. Emerveillement de l’enfant et étonnement poétique dans le « réalisme magique » de Bontempelli

Massimo Bontempelli a contribué dans les années vingt à réhabiliter le roman aussi bien par ses réflexions théoriques que par ses œuvres narratives. En 1931, répondant à une enquête sur la nature de la poésie, il entendait lever définitivement l’hypothèque de Croce qui avait condamné le roman comme genre non poétique ; loin de s’inquiéter de la nouvelle tendance à privilégier la narrativa plutôt que la lirica, inquiétude exprimée par les enquêteurs de la Gazzetta del popolo, il les accusait d..

Mythe et poésie de l’enfance

Dans un précédent ouvrage intitulé Le Mythe de l’enfance dans le roman italien contemporain, j’avais montré comment la nouvelle anthropologie avait considérablement valorisé la représentation de l’enfant et la remémoration de l’enfance dans la littérature narrative italienne du temps présent. Au début du xxe siècle, psychologie de l’enfant et psychologie du souvenir découvraient les vertus fondamentales de cet âge primordial constamment repensé dans la suite de l’existence ; la psychopédagogi..

3. Les vertus théologales de l’enfance

Around the child bend ail the three Sweet Graces: Faith, Hope, Charity.W.S. Landor L’esprit d’enfance dans la tradition chrétienne Le Nouveau Testament accorde aux enfants au cœur simple le privilège de mieux comprendre que les adultes le message divin. Dans les Évangiles, le Fils loue le Père d’avoir caché certaines choses aux sages et aux intelligents afin de ne les révéler qu’aux enfants, car la foi est affaire de cœur plus que de raison ; et « quiconque ne recevra point le royaume de Dieu..