Idiopathic osteoporosis in men

Over the last decade, the increasingly significant problem of osteoporosis in men has begun to receive much more attention than in the past. In particular, recent observations from large scale population studies in males led to an advance in the understanding of morphologic basis of growth, maintenance and loss of bone in men, as well as new insights about the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder. While fracture risk consistently increases after age 65 in men (with up to 50 % of cases due to secondary etiologies), osteoporosis and fractures may also occur in young or middle aged males in the absence of an identifiable etiology. For this category (so called idiopathic osteoporosis), there are still major gaps in knowledge, particularly concerning the etiology and the clinical management. This article provides a summary of recent developments in the acquisition and maintenance of bone strength in men, as well as new insights about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic osteoporosis

Hormones and bone

Ministério da Saúde Hospital Agamenon Magalhães Divisão de Endocrinologia e DiabetesUniversidade de Pernambuco Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Faculdade de Medicina Ambulatório ÓsseoColumbia University Hospital Presbiteriano Divisão de Endocrinologia e DiabetesUNIFESP, Faculdade de Medicina Ambulatório ÓsseoSciEL

Diagnóstico e manejo do hiperparatireoidismo primário: uma posição científica do Departamento de Metabolismo Ósseo, a Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a literature review on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism including the classical hipercalcemic form as well as the normocalcemic variant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This scientific statement was generated by a request from the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB) to the Brazilian Society for Endocrinology as part of its Clinical Practice Guidelines program. Articles were identified by searching in PubMed and Cochrane databases as well as abstracts presented at the Endocrine Society, Brazilian Society for Endocrinology Annual Meetings and the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Annual Meeting during the last 5 years. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendation were adapted from the first report of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. All grades of recommendation, including D, are based on scientific evidence. The differences between A, B, C and D, are due exclusively to the methods employed in generating evidence. CONCLUSION: We present a scientific statement on primary hyperparathyroidism providing the level of evidence and the degree of recommendation regarding causes, clinical presentation as well as surgical and medical treatment.OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma atualização das últimas evidências científicas a respeito da apresentação, do diagnóstico e do manejo clínico e cirúrgico do hiperparatireoidismo primário clássico e normocalcêmico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este documento foi concebido pelo Departamento de Metabolismo Ósseo da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) a partir daquele oriundo do Programa de Diretrizes da Associação Médica Brasileira (AMB) da SBEM. Realizamos uma revisão dos artigos mais relevantes obtidos nos bancos de dados PubMed e Cochrane, além de abstracts apresentados nos encontros anuais da Endocrine Society, da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e da American Society for Bone and Mineral Research dos últimos cinco anos, e classificamos as evidências em níveis de recomendações de acordo com a força científica por tipo de estudo, adaptando o primeiro relato do Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Todos os graus de recomendação, incluindo-se o D, foram basea-dos em evidência científica, sendo as diferenças entre o A, B, C e D devidas exclusivamente ao desenho empregado na geração da evidência. CONCLUSÃO: Apresentamos uma atualização científica a respeito do hiperparatireoidismo primário, classificando e graduando em níveis de recomendações as principais evidências científicas sobre as suas causas, as variadas formas de apresentação, seu diagnóstico e tratamento.University of Pernambuco Medical School Ministry of HealthFederal University of São Paulo Medical SchoolFederal University of Parana Medical SchoolUniversity of Brasilia Medical SchoolCatholic University of BrasiliaColumbia University College of Physicians & SurgeonsUNIFESP, Medical SchoolSciEL

Epidemiology of hip fracture in Belarus: development of a country-specific FRAX model and its comparison to neighboring country models

Summary Fracture probabilities resulting from the newly generated FRAX model for Belarus based on regional estimates of the hip fracture incidence were compared with FRAX models of neighboring countries. Differences between the country-specific FRAX patterns and the rank orders of fracture probabilities were modest. Objective This paper describes the epidemiology of hip fractures in Belarus that was used to develop the country-specific fracture prediction FRAX® tool and illustrates its features compared to models for the neighboring countries of Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. Methods We carried out a population-based study in a region of Belarus (the city of Mozyr) representing approximately 1.2% of the country’s population. We aimed to identify all hip fractures in 2011–2012 from hospital registers and primary care sources. Age- and sex-specific incidence and national mortality rates were incorporated into a FRAX model for Belarus. Fracture probabilities were compared with those derived from FRAX models in neighboring countries. Results The estimated number of hip fractures nationwide in persons over the age of 50 years for 2015 was 8250 in 2015 and is predicted to increase to 12,918 in 2050. The annual incidence of fragility hip fractures in individuals aged 50 years or more was 24.6/10,000 for women and 14.6/10,000 for men, standardized to the world population. The comparison with FRAX models in neighboring countries showed that hip fracture probabilities in men and women in Belarus were similar to those in Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. The difference in incidence rates between the surveys including or excluding data from primary care suggested that 29.1% of patients sustaining a hip fracture were not hospitalized and, therefore, did not receive specialized medical care. Conclusion A substantial proportion of hip fractures in Belarus does not come to hospital attention. The FRAX model should enhance accuracy of determining fracture probability among the Belarus population and help guide decisions about treatment

Perspective and priorities for improvement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement – A view from the IFCC Working Group for PTH

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement in serum or plasma is a necessary tool for the exploration of calcium/phosphate disorders, and is widely used as a surrogate marker to assess skeletal and mineral disorders associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), referred to as CKD-bone mineral disorders (CKD-MBD). CKD currently affects >10% of the adult population in the United States and represents a major health issue worldwide. Disturbances in mineral metabolism and fractures in CKD patients are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Appropriate identification and management of CKD-MBD is therefore critical to improving clinical outcome. Recent increases in understanding of the complex pathophysiology of CKD, which involves calcium, phosphate and magnesium balance, and is also influenced by vitamin D status and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 production, should facilitate such improvement. Development of evidence-based recommendations about how best to use PTH is limited by considerable method-related variation in results, of up to 5-fold, as well as by lack of clarity about which PTH metabolites these methods recognise. This makes it difficult to compare PTH results from different studies and to develop common reference intervals and/or decision levels for treatment. The implications of these method-related differences for current clinical practice are reviewed here. Work being undertaken by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) to improve the comparability of PTH measurements worldwide is also described

Primary hyperparathyroidism: review and recommendations on evaluation, diagnosis, and management. A Canadian and international consensus

The purpose of this review is to assess the most recent evidence in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and provide updated recommendations for its evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. A Medline search of "Hyperparathyroidism. Primary" was conducted and the literature with the highest levels of evidence were reviewed and used to formulate recommendations. PHPT is a common endocrine disorder usually discovered by routine biochemical screening. PHPT is defined as hypercalcemia with increased or inappropriately normal plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is most commonly seen after the age of 50 years, with women predominating by three to fourfold. In countries with routine multichannel screening, PHPT is identified earlier and may be asymptomatic. Where biochemical testing is not routine, PHPT is more likely to present with skeletal complications, or nephrolithiasis. Parathyroidectomy (PTx) is indicated for those with symptomatic disease. For asymptomatic patients, recent guidelines have recommended criteria for surgery, however PTx can also be considered in those who do not meet criteria, and prefer surgery. Non-surgical therapies are available when surgery is not appropriate. This review presents the current state of the art in the diagnosis and management of PHPT and updates the Canadian Position paper on PHPT. An overview of the impact of PHPT on the skeleton and other target organs is presented with international consensus. Differences in the international presentation of this condition are also summarized

Normocalcaemic hypoparathyroidism: prevalence and effect on bone status in older women. The OPUS study.

There are no consistent data on the prevalence and bone status of normocalcaemic hypoparathyroidism (NHYPO) as defined by normal adjusted calcium and low PTH level. Our aim was to determine the prevalence and the metabolic bone profile of NHYPO in older women, assessing its evolution over time. The second objective was to evaluate the prevalence of other calcium metabolic disorders

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects.

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis. Fractures, which are often asymptomatic, may occur in as many as 30_50% of patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Vertebral fractures occur early after exposure to glucocorticoids, at a time when bone mineral density (BMD) declines rapidly. Fractures tend to occur at higher BMD levels than in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids have direct and indirect effects on the skeleton. They impair the replication, differentiation, and function of osteoblasts and induce the apoptosis of mature osteoblasts and osteocytes. These effects lead to a suppression of bone formation, a central feature in the pathogenesis of GIO. Glucocorticoids also favor osteoclastogenesis and as a consequence increase bone resorption. Bisphosphonates are the most effective of the various therapies that have been assessed for the management of GIO. Anabolic therapeutic strategies are under investigation. Teriparatide seems to be also efficacious for the treatment of patients with GIO

Production of virgin coconut oil via centrifugation and oven methods

The conventional ways of breaking emulsions using heat is disadvantageous from the both economic and environmental perspectives. In this study, the production of virgin coconut oil from coconut oil milk was investigated. Centrifugation and hot method were used for separation of oil. Analysis was carried out by gas chromatography. Results show that, production of virgin coconut oil increases with increasing centrifugal speed. The optimum temperature required to maintain the nutrition oil oil was found to be 60oC. Experimental data also presented to show the influence of Triton –X-100, Tween 20 and SDDS on stability of virgin coconut oil emulsion