La experiencia francesa ante el terrorismo internacional

Francia tiene una larga historia de terrorismo. Este documento repasa las medidas antiterroristas adoptadas por la administración francesa desde 1962, año de la descolonización de Argelia, hasta la actualidad, con especial atención a las particularidades que presenta la lucha contra el terrorismo internacional en dicho país a partir de 2001

La sécurité urbaine dans les grandes agglomérations françaises

Alors qu'au Moyen Âge les villes étaient des lieux protecteurs au sein desquelles pouvaient se réfugier les populations en cas d'agressions extérieures, elles sont peu à peu devenues des territoires propices à la montée du crime et de l'insécurité, au point qu'elles ont conditionné la création et l'organisation des forces de police. Depuis maintenant 30 ans, de nombreux quartiers périphériques des grandes agglomérations françaises sont confrontés au développement des violences anti-institutionnelles et des trafics de stupéfiants. Alors que les services de police tentent de s'adapter à ces nouvelles menaces dans un contexte de raréfaction des moyens budgétaires, les actions mises en place jusqu'à maintenant, et notamment la politique de la ville, l'ont souvent été dans un ordre dispersé, ce qui a contribué à nuire à la lisibilité et à l'efficacité des politiques publiques.En aquest article es descriu com gradualment les ciutats franceses han passat de ser llocs segurs i protegits de les agressions externes durant l'època medieval a ser territoris propicis a una creixent delinqüència i inseguretat on, especialment durant els últims 30 anys i en els suburbis de les grans ciutats, han sorgit nous reptes i amenaces que s'han d'afrontar sovint sense prou recursos.En este artículo se describe como gradualmente las ciudades francesas han pasado de ser lugares seguros y protegidos de las agresiones externas durante la época medieval a ser territorios propicios a una creciente delincuencia e inseguridad dónde, especialmente durante los últimos 30 años y en los suburbios de las grandes ciudades, han surgido nuevos retos y amenazas que se han de afrontar a menudo sin suficientes recursos suficientes.This article describes as the French cities, gradually, have happened to be safe places and protected of the external assaults during the mediaeval period to be favorable territories to an increasing delinquency and insecurity where, especially during the last 30 years and in the suburbs of the big cities, have arisen new challenges and threats that often have to be faced without sufficient resources

Experimental study of smectite interaction with metal iron at low temperature: 1. Smectite destabilization.

Interaction between metal Fe and a variety of natural and synthetic smectite samples with contrasting crystal chemistry was studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction from experiments conducted at 80°C. These experiments demonstrate an important reactivity contrast as a function of smectite crystal chemistry. An XRD method involving the use of an internal standard allowed quantification of the relative proportion of smectite destabilized as a function of initial pH conditions as well as of smectite structural parameters. In mildly acidic to neutral pH conditions, a significant proportion of metal Fe is corroded to form magnetite without smectite destabilization. Under basic pH conditions, smectite and metal Fe are partly destabilized to form magnetite and newly-formed 1:1 phyllosilicate phases (odinite and crondstedtite). More specifically, systematic destabilization of both metal Fe and smectite is observed for dioctahedral smectites while trioctahedral smectites are essentially unaffected under similar experimental conditions. In addition, smectite reactivity is enhanced with increasing Fe3+ content and with the presence of Na+ cations in smectite interlayers. A conceptual model for smectite destabilization is proposed. This model involves first the release of protons from smectite structure, MeFe3+OH groups being deprotonated preferentially and metal Fe acting as proton acceptor. Corrosion of metal Fe results from its interaction with these protons. The Fe2+ cations resulting from this corrosion process sorb on the edges of smectite particles to induce the reduction of structural Fe3+ and migrate into smectite interlayers to compensate for the increased layer-charge deficit. Interlayer Fe2+ cations subsequently migrate to the octahedral sheet of smectite because of the extremely large layer-charge deficit. At low temperature, this migration is favored by the reaction time and by the absence of protons within the ditrigonal cavity. Smectite destabilization results from the inability of the tetrahedral sheets to accommodate the larger dimensions of the newly formed trioctahedral domains resulting from the migration of Fe2+ cations

Sport as integration factor of the physically handicapped in our society

The objective of this study was to make use of sports as a rehabilitation method, as well as to assess the physical, psychological, and social aspects of those present some physical handicap, particulary those who have some kind of chronic disease and are no longer taking part in any rehabilitation program. Thirty handcapped people were evaluated: fifteen started with basketball and fifteen with swimming, according either to the specific preference of each one of them or to the degree and kind of physical impairment. They were submmited to the following evaluations: clinical examination, physiotherapy assessment, social interview and use of the Rivermead Social Scale, functional classification of the sport, use of the Barthel and Rivermead Functional Scales, and the psychological profile test (POMS). After two years, no relevant change in the moving evolution of the athletes were reported. Concerning the POMS psychological test, both basketball and swimming groups presented with high vigor and low depression levels. Considering the social aspects, both groups presented substantial improvement, specially regarding their relationship to one person or more people and also in the everyday activities (be it social, leisure, or domestic), thus leading them to better social integration. This essay shows that sport can bring people who are physically impaired a better social integration and physical conditions.O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar o esporte como método de reabilitação e analisar os aspectos físicos, psicológicos e sociais dos portadores de limitação física, especialmente com enfermidades crônicas e que já não se encontram em programa de reabilitação. Foram avaliados 30 deficientes físicos, de causas diversas, sendo 15 iniciados ao basquetebol e outros 15 à natação, de acordo com a preferência específica de cada atleta. Foram utilizadas a escala social (Rivermead), a classificação funcional do esporte, a aplicação das escalas funcionais (Barthel e Rivermead) e o teste do perfil psicológico (POMS). Essas escalas e o perfil psicológico foram aplicados antes da prática do esporte e dois anos depois. O sexo masculino predominou nos dois grupos e a idade variou entre 17 e 59 anos. Não notamos alterações nas avaliações fisioterápias, nas escalas de Barthel e Rivermead. No teste psicológico os dois grupos apresentaram um alto vigor e baixa depressão. Nos aspectos sociais houve importante mudança principalmente nos seus relacionamentos com uma ou mais pessoas e nas atividades da vida diária (social, lazer e doméstica). Este estudo mostra que o esporte pode trazer para o portador de limitação física uma melhor integração social e adaptação a sua condição física.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Setor de Doenças NeuromuscularesUNIFESP, EPM, Setor de Doenças NeuromuscularesSciEL

L'apprentissage en autonomie. Exemple de formation en ligne sur les fondamentaux de la cristallisation

National audienceUn cours en ligne sur les fondamentaux de la cristallisation et la précipitation a été conçu par une communauté de chercheurs et d'enseignants-chercheurs en cristallisation/précipitation. Ce cours vise plusieurs publics : élèves ingénieurs, étudiants de master, doctorants, enseignants, industriels. Aussi correspond-il en pratique à plusieurs types de prestations et d'outils pédagogiques, qui vont au-delà d'un simple document consultable à distance. Le cours propose déjà des outils pédagogiques originaux : - auto-apprentissage avec multiples animations illustratives et entrées possibles, - auto-évaluation à distance, sur la base d'exercices applicatifs interactifs. Pour aller plus loin dans la compréhension de ce qui se passe lors d'une cristallisation, l'intégration de programmes de simulation interactifs dans le support pédagogique a été réalisée. Ces simulateurs pédagogiques permettent de mettre en évidence la sensibilité d'une opération de cristallisation aux valeurs de ses paramètres opératoires

Key Elements in a Framework for Land Use Impact Assessment Within LCA (11 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope: Land use by agriculture, forestry, mining, house-building or industry leads to substantial impacts, particularly on biodiversity and on soil quality as a supplier of life support functions. Unfortunately there is no widely accepted assessment method so far for land use impacts. This paper presents an attempt, within the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, to provide a framework for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of land use. Materials and Methods: This framework builds from previous documents, particularly the SETAC book on LCIA (Lindeijer et al. 2002), developing essential issues such as the reference for occupation impacts; the impact pathways to be included in the analysis; the units of measure in the impact mechanism (land use interventions to impacts); the ways to deal with impacts in the future; and bio-geographical differentiation. Results: The paper describes the selected impact pathways, linking the land use elementary flows (occupation; transformation) and parameters (intensity) registered in the inventory (LCI) to the midpoint impact indicators and to the relevant damage categories (natural environment and natural resources). An impact occurs when the land properties are modified (transformation) and also when the current man-made properties are maintained (occupation). Discussion: The size of impact is the difference between the effect on land quality from the studied case of land use and a suitable reference land use on the same area (dynamic reference situation). The impact depends not only on the type of land use (including coverage and intensity) but is also heavily influenced by the bio-geographical conditions of the area. The time lag between the land use intervention and the impact may be large; thus land use impacts should be calculated over a reasonable time period after the actual land use finishes, at least until a new steady state in land quality is reached. Conclusions: Guidance is provided on the definition of the dynamic reference situation and on methods and time frame to assess the impacts occurring after the actual land use. Including the occupation impacts acknowledges that humans are not the sole users of land. Recommendations and Perspectives: The main damages affected by land use that should be considered by any method to assess land use impacts in LCIA are: biodiversity (existence value); biotic production potential (including soil fertility and use value of biodiversity); ecological soil quality (including life support functions of soil other than biotic production potential). Bio-geographical differentiation is required for land use impacts, because the same intervention may have different consequences depending on the sensitivity and inherent land quality of the environment where it occurs. For the moment, an indication of how such task could be done and likely bio-geographical parameters to be considered are suggested. The recommendation of indicators for the suggested impact categories is a matter of future researc

WISE/NEOWISE observations of Active Bodies in the Main Belt

We report results based on mid-infrared photometry of 5 active main belt objects (AMBOs) detected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) spacecraft. Four of these bodies, P/2010 R2 (La Sagra), 133P/Elst-Pizarro, (596) Scheila, and 176P/LINEAR, showed no signs of activity at the time of the observations, allowing the WISE detections to place firm constraints on their diameters and albedos. Geometric albedos were in the range of a few percent, and on the order of other measured comet nuclei. P/2010 A2 was observed on April 2-3, 2010, three months after its peak activity. Photometry of the coma at 12 and 22 {\mu}m combined with ground-based visible-wavelength measurements provides constraints on the dust particle mass distribution (PMD), dlogn/dlogm, yielding power-law slope values of {\alpha} = -0.5 +/- 0.1. This PMD is considerably more shallow than that found for other comets, in particular inbound particle fluence during the Stardust encounter of comet 81P/Wild 2. It is similar to the PMD seen for 9P/Tempel 1 in the immediate aftermath of the Deep Impact experiment. Upper limits for CO2 & CO production are also provided for each AMBO and compared with revised production numbers for WISE observations of 103P/Hartley 2.Comment: 32 Pages, including 5 Figure

Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC technical report)

© 2009 IUPACCountercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a generic term covering all forms of liquid-liquid chromatography that use a support-free liquid stationary phase held in place by a simple centrifugal or complex centrifugal force field. Biphasic liquid systems are used with one liquid phase being the stationary phase and the other being the mobile phase. Although initiated almost 30 years ago, CCC lacked reliable columns. This is changing now, and the newly designed centrifuges appearing on the market make excellent CCC columns. This review focuses on the advantages of a liquid stationary phase and addresses the chromatographic theory of CCC. The main difference with classical liquid chromatography (LC) is the variable volume of the stationary phase. There are mainly two different ways to obtain a liquid stationary phase using centrifugal forces, the hydrostatic way and the hydrodynamic way. These two kinds of CCC columns are described and compared. The reported applications of CCC in analytical chemistry and comparison with other separation and enrichment methods show that the technique can be successfully used in the analysis of plants and other natural products, for the separation of biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, for the separation of alkaloids from medical herbs, in food analysis, etc. On the basis of the studies of the last two decades, recommendations are also given for the application of CCC in trace inorganic analysis and in radioanalytical chemistry