Avaliação da distribuição e do fluxo logístico dos testes rápidos para diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV após 10 anos de oferta no Sistema Único de Saúde pelo Ministério da Saúde

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Florianópolis, 2016.Desde o início da epidemia do HIV nos anos de 1980 os países vêm focando esforços para reduzir seus danos e estabelecer políticas eficientes de enfrentamento à infecção. No entanto, em 2015, o Programa Conjunto das Nações Unidas (UNAIDS) informou que, mundialmente, 36,7 milhões de pessoas estão vivendo com HIV/Aids, e cerca de 2,1 milhões de pessoas se infectaram pelo HIV naquele ano. O avanço mundial do acesso ao diagnóstico possibilitou que, até dezembro de 2015, 17 milhões de pessoas tenham tido acesso ao tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais. Das ações para ampliar o acesso ao diagnóstico da infecção a oferta dos Testes Rápidos, possibilitou a chegada do diagnóstico aos locais mais longínquos do país e com resultados liberados em até 30 minutos. A testagem é fundamental para a detecção dos casos e imediata oferta de tratamento, com objetivos de manter a integridade do sistema imune da pessoa infectada e interferir diretamente na cadeia de transmissão da infecção, uma vez que indivíduos com carga viral suprimida (inferior a 25 cópias de RNA/mL) têm menos chance de transmitir a infecção. O Brasil iniciou a distribuição de Testes Rápidos para diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV em 2002 por meio de um projeto especifico em maternidades, mas ampliou esta distribuição a partir de 2005. Desde então é possível observar um crescimento significativo de aquisição e distribuição dos testes rápidos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição dos testes rápidos pelo Ministério da Saúde, sua capilaridade (municípios que recebem TR) e suas limitações para ampliação do uso em todos os municípios brasileiros após 10 anos de oferta no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Como metodologia foi realizada uma Pesquisa avaliativa do tipo análise estratégica para embasar políticas públicas de saúde. Este estudo demonstrou que a distribuição de testes rápidos pelo Ministério da Saúde cresceu mais de 1.500% nos últimos 10 anos e que o gasto com as aquisições foi reduzido desde 2014 com o novo modelo de compra. Como resultado da pesquisa foi verificado que 55% dos municípios brasileiros recebem e realizam os testes rápidos. Além disso, foram demonstradas quais as principais dificuldades para uso deste sistema e as barreiras para ampliação da testagem, sendo que a qualidade dos testes rápidos não foi questionada. Ficou evidente que 100% dos testes rápidos utilizados narede pública de saúde são fornecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde, embora não haja pactuação na Comissão Intergestora Tripartite (CIT) que estabeleça esta condição. A pesquisa demonstrou ainda as principais dificuldades para treinamento e ampliação da testagem da infecção pelo HIV o que poderá direcionar as políticas públicas.Abstract : Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic in the 1980s, countries have focused efforts to reduce its impacts and establish efficient policies to deal with the infection. However, in 2015, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) reported that 36.7 million people live with HIV / AIDS worldwide, and around 2.1 million people became infected with HIV that year. By December 2015, improved global access to diagnosis meant that 17 million people accessed treatment with antiretroviral drugs. Among the actions to expand access to diagnosis of the infection, the introduction of Rapid Tests (RT) made it possible to undertake diagnoses in the remotest parts of the country, with the results released in 30 minutes. Testing is vital for detecting cases and treating them immediately in order to maintain the integrity of the infected person´s immune system and interfere directly in the chain of transmission, since individuals with a suppressed viral load (less than 25 RNA copies / ml) are less likely to transmit the infection. Brazil started distributing RT for the diagnosis of HIV infection in 2002 through a project targeted at maternity wards, and expanded distribution as from 2005. The purchase and distribution of RT have increased significantly since then. This study seeks to evaluate the distribution of Rapid Tests by Brazil´s Ministry of Health (MoH), the capillarity network (cities receiving RT) and the limitations for extended use of RT in all the country´s towns and cities after 10 years of being supplied within the Unified Health System (SUS). The methodology used was a strategic (logistical) analysis type evaluation survey in support of public health policies. This study showed that the distribution of RT by the MoH expanded by over 1500% during the last 10 years, and that expenditure on acquisitions declined since 2014 with the use of the new purchasing model. The research survey revealed that 52.7% of Brazilian cities receive and perform RT and that the quality of the tests was not questioned by any of them. It also highlighted the main difficulties involved in using this system, as well as the barriers to scaling up HIV testing. The survey also found that 100% of the RT used in the public health system are supplied by the MoH, although there is no government directive that gives the MoH exclusive handling. Finally, the survey alsodrew attention to the main issues concerned with training in, and expansion of, HIV testing. All the information collected in this study can be useful for future public policies planning in this area

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data