Assessment of pre and postoperative psychiatric comorbidity among patients scheduled for elective cataract surgery in Lagos, Nigeria

Objective: Comorbid psychiatric disorders have been reported to be associated with pre and postoperative periods. Studies on pre and postoperative comorbid psychiatric disorders among ophthalmological patients are scanty in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan countries. This study was aimed at determining pre and postoperative comorbid psychiatric disorders among patients scheduled for elective cataract surgery in Lagos, Nigeria.Methods: Seventy-seven adult patients scheduled for elective cataract surgery at the ophthalmology clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria were recruited and assessed 24 hours pre and 24 hours postoperatively for psychiatric morbidity by asking them to complete the twentieth version of the Self-rating Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.Results: The findings of this study showed that only 5.2% of the participants experience preoperative mental illness and anxiety respectively while the 9.1% experienced depression. Post-operative assessments revealed that none of the participants experienced any mental illness or depression apart from 1.3% who experienced anxiety postoperatively. There were no statistically significant findings between the sociodemographic variables and anxiety, depression and mental illness.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that there were comorbid psychiatric disorders among ophthalmological patients scheduled for cataract surgery in Lagos, Nigeria. Therefore, patients who are to undergo surgery should be screened for psychiatric morbidity. Likewise, adequate and appropriate surgical information should be given to patients to reduce associated comorbid psychiatric disorders.Keywords: Psychiatric morbidity, preoperative, postoperative, anxiety, depression, catarac

Malignant Glaucoma: Report of a Presumed Bilateral Spontaneous Case

Background: Malignant glaucoma is an ocular emergency and may lead to blindness if not promptly recognized and treated effectively. It is usually reported after trabeculectomy, and spontaneous or bilateral cases are not common in the literature.Case report: This article reports the case of a Nigerian woman who  developed spontaneous bilateral malignant glaucoma with resultant visual impairment. A literature review on the subject is also undertaken. Possible etiology and management challenges of the case are also discussed.Conclusion: This study is aimed at drawing attention to this potentially blinding eye disease, and ultimately improves knowledge on its diagnosis and management, to reduce the visual morbidity.Key words: Malignant glaucoma, closed angle glaucoma, blindness, visual impairment, aqueous misdirection, vitrectom

Subnotificação da comorbidade tuberculose e aids: uma aplicação do método de linkage

OBJETIVO: Analisar a subnotificação da comorbidade tuberculose (TB) e aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo de vigilância utilizando os registros do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação de Tuberculose e de aids no Brasil de 2000 a 2005. Registros de TB sem informação da presença de aids foram considerados subnotificações da comorbidade quando pareados a registros de aids que apresentassem ano de diagnóstico de aids igual ou anterior ao ano de notificação da TB, assim como os registros de um mesmo paciente cujos registros anteriores apresentavam essa informação. Criou-se um indicador: comorbidade TB-aids reconhecida, a partir dos registros de TB com a informação de presença de aids. RESULTADOS: A subnotificação de TB-aids foi de 17,7%. Esse percentual variou entre estados. A incorporação dos registros subnotificados aos previamente reconhecidos elevou a proporção de TB-aids no Brasil de 6,9% para 8,4%. As maiores proporções de subnotificação foram observadas no Acre, Alagoas, Maranhão e Piauí (mais de 35% cada) e as menores em São Paulo e Goiás (cerca de 10% cada). CONCLUSÕES: A subnotificação da comorbidade TB-aids encontrada no Brasil deve deflagrar modificações no sistema de vigilância para prover informações aos programas nacionais.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the underreporting of the tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS comorbidity. METHODS: Surveillance study using records from the Notifiable Diseases Information System - Tuberculosis and AIDS in Brazil from 2000 to 2005. Records of TB without information on the presence of Aids were considered to be underreporting of the comorbidity when paired off with AIDS records in which the year of diagnosis of AIDS was the same or previous to the year of reporting of TB, as well as records from the same patient whose previous records had this information. An indicator was created: recognized TB-AIDS comorbidity, based on the TB records that had information on the presence of AIDS. RESULTS: The underreporting of TB-AIDS was 17.7%. This percentage varied between states. The incorporation of the underreported records into the previously recognized ones increased the proportion of TB-AIDS in Brazil from 6.9% to 8.4%. The highest proportions of underreporting were noted in Acre (Northern), Alagoas, Maranhão and Piauí (Northeastern) (more than 35% each) and the lowest in São Paulo (Southeastern) and Goiás (Central-western) (around 10% each). CONCLUSIONS: The underreporting of the TB-AIDS comorbidity found in Brazil will probably trigger modifications in the surveillance system in order to provide information for the national programs.OBJETIVO: Analizar la subnotificación de la comorbilidad tuberculosis (TB) y sida. MÉTODOS: Estudio de vigilancia utilizando los registros del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación de Tuberculosis y de sida en Brasil de 2000 a 2005. Registros de TB sin información de la presencia de sida fueron consideradas subnotificaciones de la comorbilidad cuando se parearon a registros de sida que presentaron año de diagnóstico de sida igual o anterior al año de notificación de la TB, así como los registros de un mismo paciente cuyos registros anteriores presentaban esa información. Se creó un indicador: comorbilidad TB-sida reconocida, a partir de los registros de TB con la información de presencia de sida. RESULTADOS: La subnotificación de TB-sida fue de 17,7%. Este porcentaje varió entre estados. La incorporación de los registros subnotificados a los previamente reconocidos elevó la proporción de TB-sida en Brasil de 6,9% a 8,4%. Las mayores proporciones de subnotificación fueron observadas en Acre, Alagoas, Maranhao y Piauí (más de 35% en cada uno) y las menores en Sao Paulo y Goiás (cerca de 10% en cada uno). CONCLUSIONES: La subnotificación de la comorbilidad TB-sida encontrada en Brasil debe deflagrar modificaciones en el sistema de vigilancia para proveer informaciones a los programas nacionales

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Could a burst toy balloon cause a major ocular injury like cataract in a child? A case report

Ocular injuries in children remain a largely preventable phenomenon, and the resulting morbidity may be life-long. A variety of objects have been implicated as causes of ocular injuries in children, but that resulting from a burst balloon on the face is rare, as this toy may not be recognised as potentially hazardous, especially in children. The case of a 3-year old Nigerian girl who presented with left cataract and esotropia (squint) following a burst toy balloon on the face is reported. This is aimed at drawing attention to the possibility that this common toy may have the potential of causing a major ocular injury especially in children. The need for adequate safety measures to be taken, while children are at play, is also emphasized

Ocular Diseases in the Paediatric Age Group – a Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Lagos. Nigeria.

To determine the pattern of ocular disease presentations among the paediatric age group (0-15 years) as well as  their demographic and clinical characteristics. We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of  patients 15 years and less who presented in the Eye Clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) Ikeja between January 2010 and end of December 2010. Data on age at presentation, gender, affected eye/eyes,  duration of disease at presentation and clinical diagnosis were retrieved from patients' medical records. Information was analyzed using SPSS version 17. A p-value of less than 0.005 was accepted as indicative of statistical  significant. We evaluated the report of 294 children. 176(59.9%) were males and 118(40.1%) were females. The following ocular ailments were seen - Allergic(including Vernal) conjunctivitis 17.3%, Refractive Errors  17.0%,Trauma 13.6%, Congenital Cataract 5.4%, Developmental cataract 4.1%,Preseptal/Orbital cellulitis 3.1% and Cortical blindness in 3.4% Allergic conjunctivitis was more common in the 6-10 years age group and seen more in males. The prevalent childhood eye diseases recorded here can be managed in well established secondary eye -care centres in the state. Parents/ Guardians should be encouraged to obtain glasses for their children/wards. Also to encourage the hospital management to set up a standard paediatric ophthalmology unit and train a paediatric ophthalmologist for proper management of ophthalmic diseases in children.Keywords: paediatric age-group, ocular diseases, blindness, Allergic conjunctivitis, cataract, refractive error

Orbital Cellulitis: Clinical Course and Management Challenges. The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Experience

Background: Orbital cellulitis is a devastating acute infection of orbital soft tissues located posterior to the orbital septum. It is both vision and life-threatening. It is an ocular emergency which most often present in childhood.Objective: This article reviewed cases presenting during the study period with the view of examining the pattern of presentation, clinical course and management challenges.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients presenting with orbital cellulitis between January 2008 and June 2011. Socio-demographic data, entry and discharge visual acuity, presenting complaints, predisposing factors, duration of complaints, admission period and complications were extracted from clinical records and analyzed.Results: Seventeen (17) patients presented with orbital cellulitis constituting 6.2% of ocular emergency admissions during the study period. Twelve (70.6%) were males. Thirteen (76.5%) were children. The major predisposing factors were upper respiratory tract infections, and facial and globe injuries in five (22.7%) cases respectively. Only five (29.4%), presented within three days of disease onset. Average duration of admission was 10.6 days. Complications during the course of disease were category 4 and 5 blindness in five (23.5%), orbital abscess four (23.5%), cavernous sinus thrombosis two (11.8%), contralateral preseptal cellulitis two (11.8%) and exposure keratopathy in one (5.9%).Conclusion: Orbital cellulitis has remained a disease with high ocular morbidity. The major management challenges were poor financial status of patients precluding necessary diagnostic laboratory and imaging studies. Early recognition, diagnosis and treatment are crucial to the preservation of vision and reduced occurrence of complications. The importance of record keeping is also highlighted.Keywords: Orbital cellulitis, facial and globe injury, odontogenic infection, blindness