L'influence de l’exposome dans la sensibilisation allergique:exemple de l’asthme

PharmacieNée en 1989, l’hypothèse hygiéniste suppose que l’augmentation de la prévalence des allergies, et notamment de l’asthme, observée ces dernières années résulte d’un manque d’exposition à des microorganismes essentiels à notre système immunitaire, lors de la petite enfance. Cette thèse, en décrivant l’impact de l’exposome sur le développement de l’asthme, vise à illustrer l’état actuel des connaissances sur ce sujet. L’impact des mouvements migratoires, du milieu de vie, de l’alimentation ainsi que de la pollution sur le développement de l’asthme allergique permet de supposer que les facteurs environnementaux prennent une place importante dans l’hypothèse hygiéniste. D’autre part, l’étude du microbiote intestinal et pulmonaire met en évidence des différences significatives chez les individus asthmatiques. Des facteurs tels que le mode d’accouchement, l’alimentation par le lait maternel ou encore la consommation de médicaments modifient la composition des différents microbiotes. Ces modifications pourraient jouer un rôle essentiel dans le développement de maladies allergiques.Born in 1989, the hygiene hypothesis assumes that the increase in the prevalence of allergies, in particulary asthma, observed in recent years is the result of a lack of exposure to microorganisms essential to our immune system during early childhood. This thesis, by describing the impact of the exposome on the development of asthma, aims to illustrate the current state of knowledge on this subject. The impact of migratory movements, living environment, diet as well as pollution on the development of asthma allows us to assume that environmental factors play an important role in the hygiene hypothesis. Also, studies of the intestinal and pulmonary microbiota reveals significant differences in asthmatic individuals. Factors such as mode of delivery, breast milk feeding or consumption of medication modify the composition of the microbiota. These modifications could play an essential role in the development of allergic diseases.Thèses et écrits académique

JAG ÄR LITEN, OCH JAG KAN LEKA, KOMMUNICERA OCH UTVECKLAS : En kvalitativ studie om förskollärares beskrivningar av yngre barns kommunikation i leken

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur förskollärare beskriver de yngsta barnens olika sätt att kommunicera i leken samt på vilket sätt de kan stötta barns kommunikativa kompetens. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ ansats där nio förskollärare från fem olika kommunala förskolor intervjuades. I undersökningen har använts semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det insamlade datamaterialet har bearbetats utifrån en tematisk analys. Studien har teoretiskt tagit avstamp i det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet visar att de yngsta barnen i förskolan använder sig av olika kommunikativa strategier som verbal och icke-verbal kommunikation samt alternativt och kompletterande språk. Även tystnad och konflikter används som kommunikation i leken. Leken benämns som en process där barnen genom sitt deltagande i sociala aktiviteter kan utveckla sina kommunikativa kompetenser. Studiens slutsats är att de yngre barnen inte begränsas i sin kommunikation om det verbala språket inte är utvecklat, de använder sig av andra kommunikativa strategier för att göra sig förstådda

Waste Plant Material as a Potential Adsorbent of a Selected Azo Dye

This paper discusses the adsorption of Direct Orange 26 azo dye on sunflower husk - an agricultural waste product. During the study, sorption kinetics and equilibrium as well as sorption capacity of the husk were investigated. The adsorption kinetics was analyzed using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equations, which indicated a chemical sorption mechanism. The sorption equilibrium was approximated with the two-parameter Freundlich and Langmuir equations and the three-parameter Redlich-Peterson equation. The main experiments were carried out in a laboratory adsorption column under different process conditions. Experimental data were interpreted with the Thomas model, based on the volumetric flow rate, initial composition of the feed solution and mass of the adsorbent. The results of modeling the adsorption equilibrium, adsorption kinetics and adsorption dynamics were evaluated statistically

Down-Regulation of Canonical and Up-Regulation of Non-Canonical Wnt Signalling in the Carcinogenic Process of Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma

<div><p>The majority of lung cancers (LC) belong to the non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) type. The two main NSCLC sub-types, namely adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), respond differently to therapy. Whereas the link between cigarette smoke and lung cancer risk is well established, the relevance of non-canonical Wnt pathway up-regulation detected in SCC remains poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to investigate further the molecular events in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling during SCC development. A total of 20 SCC and AC samples with matched non-cancerous controls were obtained after surgery. TaqMan array analysis confirmed up-regulation of non-canonical Wnt5a and Wnt11 and identified down-regulation of canonical Wnt signalling in SCC samples. The molecular changes were tested in primary small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) and various lung cancer cell lines (e.g. A549, H157, etc). Our studies identified Wnt11 and Wnt5a as regulators of cadherin expression and potentiated relocation of β-catenin to the nucleus as an important step in decreased cellular adhesion. The presented data identifies additional details in the regulation of SCC that can aid identification of therapeutic drug targets in the future.</p> </div

Predicted molecular pathway interactions during SCC development.

<p>Predicted molecular pathway interactions during SCC development.</p

Effects of β-catenin inhibition on cadherin gene expression.

<p>Suppression of canonical Wnt signalling in SAEC using 1 µg/ml IWR-1 inhibitor or DMSO as diluent control. Gene expression of non-treated SAEC was used as reference. Note the increased E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin mRNA expressions. (The results are representative of three independent experiments where SAEC was used from three individual donors of different ages).</p

Localization of β-catenin. A:

<p>Immunofluorescent staining of SAEC. <b>B</b>: Immunofluorescent staining of normal A549. <b>C</b>: Immunofluorescent staining of Wnt11 overexpressing A549. <b>D</b>: Immunofluorescent staining of H157 monolayer cell cultures. (60x image, red: β-catenin, blue: DAPI). Note the dramatic increase in nuclear localization and the decrease in cellular membrane localization of A549 AC, Wnt11-A549 and H157 SCC cell lines compared to the normal pulmonary epithelium (SAEC). Data presented are representative of three independent experiments. <b>E</b>: Densitometry of immunofluorescent images of SAEC, A549, Wnt-11-A549 and H157 cells. Note the increased nuclear localization of β-catenin particularly in the Wnt11-A549 cell line. (M: cellular membrane, CS: cytosol, N: nucleus).</p

Level of Wnt signalling molecules in AC and SCC.

<p>Pooled cDNA of 12 AC, 8 SSC samples were targeted to gene expression analysis using a commercially available Taqman array. Four housekeeping genes were used (18S, GAPDH, HPRT1, GUSB). <b>A:</b> Expression profile of AC. Pooled cDNA of autologous normal tissue samples of the same AC patients served as reference. Note the increased level of the canonical Wnt-7b, and the receptor Fzd-3. (For the list of all gene expression changes see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057393#pone.0057393.s004" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). <b>B:</b> Gene expression levels of SCC. Pooled cDNA of autologous normal tissue samples of the same SCC patients served as reference. Note the upregulation of the non-canonical Wnt5a and the canonical pathway inhibitor Dkk-1, along with increased level of Fzd-10 gene expression. (For the list of all gene expression changes see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057393#pone.0057393.s005" target="_blank">Table S2</a>). <b>C:</b> Gene expression of SCC compared to AC. Note the increased level of non-canonical Wnts (Wnt5a and Wnt11), several receptors (Fzd-7, -9, -10), a canonical pathway inhibitor (Dkk-1) and an inhibitory receptor (Krm2). (For the list of all gene expression changes see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057393#pone.0057393.s006" target="_blank">Table S3</a>). <b>D and E:</b> Immunohistochemical staining of primary control (Panel D) and AC (Panel E) tissues for Wnt11. Note the higher Wnt11 expression in the tumours emphasizing the relative nature of the initially identified differences at mRNA level. Images shown are representatives of three independent stainings. <b>F:</b> Wnt11 gene transcription was also measured in an AC (A549) and an SCC (H157) cancer cell line. Note the higher Wnt11 levels in the observed cancer cell lines compared to the normal, non-cancerous pulmonary epithelium (SAEC). The AC cell line showed a more pronounced increase in Wnt11 expression than the SCC cell line. (The results are representative of three independent experiments where the non-cancerous control (SAEC) was derived from three individual donors of different ages).</p