Length, Weight, and Yield in Channel Catfish, Lake Diane, MI

Background: Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are important to both commercial aquaculture and recreational fisheries. Little published data is available on length-weight relationships of channel catfish in Michigan. Though there is no record of public or private stocking, channel catfish appeared in Lake Diane between 1984 and 1995 and it has developed into an excellent fishery. 
Materials and Methods: Sport angling provided 38 samples which were weighed and measured (fork length). Fillets were also weighed. The best fit estimates of parameters a and b in the model, W(L) = aLb, were obtained by both linear least-squares (LLS) regression (log(W) = log(a) + b log(L)) and non-linear least-squares (NLLS) regression. Best-fit parameters of an improved model, W(L) = (L/L1)^b, were also determined by NLLS regression; the parameter L1 is the typical length of a fish weighing 1 kg. The resulting best-fit parameters, parameter standard errors, and covariances are compared between the two models. The average relative weight for this sample of channel catfish is also determined, along with the typical meat yield obtained by filleting. 
Results: NLLS regression yields parameter estimates of b = 3.2293 and a = 0.00522. The improved model yields the same estimate for the exponent, b, and a length estimate (parameter L1) of 45.23 cm. Estimates of uncertainty and covariance are smaller for the improved model, but the correlation coefficient is r = 0.995 in both cases. LLS regression produced different parameter values, a = 0.01356 and b = 2.9726, and a smaller correlation coefficient, r = 0.980. On average, catfish in the sample weighed 106.0% of the standard weight, (Brown et al.) and the linear regression (no slope) of fillet yield vs. total weight suggests a typical fillet yield of 28.1% with r = 0.989.
Conclusion: Most of the fish in the sample were above the standard weight, heavier than the 75th percentile for their length. Channel catfish are doing well in Lake Diane and the population is well matched to the food supply. Management should attempt to maintain current population levels. In this case, the improved length-weight model, W(L) = (L/L1)^b, provided lower uncertainties in parameter estimates and smaller covariance than the traditional model.
&#xa

Language Behavior of Preschool-Age Stutterers: a Longitudinal Study.

The relationship between language and speech fluency was explored longitudinally in four preschool age stutterers. Language and fluency measures were performed on the four subjects over five sampling sessions for each subject, for a maximum period of 19 months. Language measures completed at each sampling session included the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) (Dunn, 1965); the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test (NSST) (Lee, 1969); the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL) (Carrow, 1971); the Carrow Elicited Language Inventory (CELI) (Carrow, 1973); and the Developmental Sentence Scoring Techinque (DSS) (Lee, 1974). Mean length of utterance (MLU) (Brown, 1973) were also computed for each subject at each sampling session. Fluency was assessed in terms of frequency of type (16 variables) and classified in terms of parts of speech. The accumulated data were assessed through analyses of variance of the language and fluency variables across time for each subject and through regression and Chi-square analyses. Spontaneous language corpora for each subject were assessed with the Syntactic Language Computer Analysis Program (SLCA-III) (Cummings and Renshaw, 1979). Results indicated significant correlations between MLU and total words over time and between phrase repetitions and DSS scores. Regression analyses indicated significant increases across time in NSST scores, TACL scores, and PPVT scores. Significant decreases by time were displayed in a repetitions category (interjections and sound, word, and phrase repetitions) and in the ratio of total disfluencies to total words. Results of Chi-square analyses indicated similar subject profiles on language scores for three sampling sessions and similar fluency profiles for two sampling sessions. Results of analyses of disfluencies across time classified as to parts of speech indicated a significant relationship among the subjects only for adjectives. Means of the frequency of disfluent parts of speech for the subjects across time indicated that the number of disfluencies were divided between content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) and function words (articles, prepositions, pronouns, and conjunctions). Regression analyses indicated that significant decreases across time were displayed by two subjects in the number of disfluencies on content and function words. This was judged to reflect a decrease in total disfluencies. Results of SLCA-III analyses indicated a significant relationship across time among the four subject\u27s scores on six of the SLCA-III variables measuring perceptual cognitive activity. Regression analyses for each of the subject\u27s performance on each of 36 SLCA-III variables indicated significant increases and decreases of usage across time of isolated variables with no group trends apparent. Subjects One and Two both demonstrated significant changes in negative relation measures and measures of time; Subjects Three and Four both demonstrated significant changes across time in measures of asymmetric relation

Influence of caffeine on performance, physiological responses, thermoregulation and hydration during a 1500m run in hot humid conditions

Introduction: Caffeine is ergogenic for endurance performance, however little research exists on middle-distance performance, particularly in hot/humid conditions. This study examined caffeine's effects on a 1500 m run in hot/humid conditions. Caffeine was expected to enhance performance and lower plasma potassium concentrations with no effect on hydration or thermoregulation, compared to placebo. Methods: In a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, two testing sessions were completed under hot/humid conditions by seventeen healthy individuals. Participants consumed a carbohydrate-controlled meal and placebo (caffeine-free cola) or caffeine (5 mg/kg in placebo) before the run. Measurements were taken at baseline, following 65 min rest and in the climate chamber before, during and after the run. Urine specific gravity, blood lactate, sweat rate, core temperature [Tcore], skin temperature, heart rate, thermal sensation, thermal comfort and plasma caffeine and potassium were assessed. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Results: Caffeine had no effect on any variables when compared to placebo except Tcore, plasma potassium and perceived fatigue. Post-exercise Tcore was significantly higher for caffeine. Plasma potassium concentrations were significantly elevated after exercise and significantly lower with caffeine compared to placebo. Fewer participants reported fatigue with caffeine. Conclusions: Caffeine had no negative effects on hydration but did not enhance middle distance performance in hot/humid conditions. Thermoregulation was unaffected by caffeine except for post-exercise Tcore which was significantly higher with caffeine. The lack of performance effect may be attributed to the carbohydrate controlled pre-race meal. The lower potassium levels with caffeine may have contributed to the lower levels of perceived fatigue

A Mg(OH)2 coprecipitation method for determining chromium speciation and isotopic composition in seawater

Chromium (Cr) stable isotopes have emerged as a powerful tool for tracking environmental redox transfor- mations. This is because Cr isotopes are fractionated during redox reactions between Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In order to fully exploit the information recorded within Cr isotope compositions, we must be able to track changes in Cr speciation throughout the environment and, in particular, the changes in speciation between input to the ocean and eventual deposition in sediments. We must also be able to access the isotope compositions of each Cr species, rather than only total dissolved Cr. We have thus developed a magnesium hydroxide coprecipitation method that meets these objectives. This method achieves complete recovery and has a typical precision on concentration measurements of !8% (1σ). It was tested using seawater collected from Saanich Inlet, a persis- tently anoxic fjord on the Pacific coast of Canada. Chromium speciation profiles and proof-of-concept isotope ratio measurements on selected samples indicate that isotopically lighter Cr(III) can be isolated from coexisting isotopically heavier Cr(VI), effectively resolving species-specific Cr isotope compositions. While the oxygenated surface waters of Saanich Inlet follow the generally observed correlation between seawater Cr concentration and its isotopic composition, seawater from anoxic depths diverges from this array, indicating that different pro- cesses are responsible for setting the isotope composition of these deeper waters. Broader application of Mg(OH)2 coprecipitation has strong potential to yield new insights into the fractionation of Cr isotopes in the oceans and the pathways that ultimately set the Cr isotopic composition of marine sediments and sedimentary archives

Early human B cell response to Ebola virus in four U.S. survivors of infection

The human B cell response to natural filovirus infections early after recovery is poorly understood. Previous serologic studies suggest that some Ebola virus survivors exhibit delayed antibody responses with low magnitude and quality. Here, we sought to study the population of individual memory B cells induced early in convalescence. We isolated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from memory B cells from four survivors treated for Ebola virus disease (EVD) 1 or 3 months after discharge from the hospital. At the early time points postrecovery, the frequency of Ebola-specific B cells was low and dominated by clones that were cross-reactive with both Ebola glycoprotein (GP) and with the secreted GP (sGP) form. Of 25 MAbs isolated from four donors, only one exhibited neutralization activity. This neutralizing MAb, designated MAb EBOV237, recognizes an epitope in the glycan cap of the surface glycoprotein. In vivo murine lethal challenge studies showed that EBOV237 conferred protection when given prophylactically at a level similar to that of the ZMapp component MAb 13C6. The results suggest that the human B cell response to EVD 1 to 3 months postdischarge is characterized by a paucity of broad or potent neutralizing clones. However, the neutralizing epitope in the glycan cap recognized by EBOV237 may play a role in the early human antibody response to EVD and should be considered in rational design strategies for new Ebola virus vaccine candidates

Early human B cell response to Ebola virus in four U.S. survivors of infection

The human B cell response to natural filovirus infections early after recovery is poorly understood. Previous serologic studies suggest that some Ebola virus survivors exhibit delayed antibody responses with low magnitude and quality. Here, we sought to study the population of individual memory B cells induced early in convalescence. We isolated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from memory B cells from four survivors treated for Ebola virus disease (EVD) 1 or 3 months after discharge from the hospital. At the early time points postrecovery, the frequency of Ebola-specific B cells was low and dominated by clones that were cross-reactive with both Ebola glycoprotein (GP) and with the secreted GP (sGP) form. Of 25 MAbs isolated from four donors, only one exhibited neutralization activity. This neutralizing MAb, designated MAb EBOV237, recognizes an epitope in the glycan cap of the surface glycoprotein. In vivo murine lethal challenge studies showed that EBOV237 conferred protection when given prophylactically at a level similar to that of the ZMapp component MAb 13C6. The results suggest that the human B cell response to EVD 1 to 3 months postdischarge is characterized by a paucity of broad or potent neutralizing clones. However, the neutralizing epitope in the glycan cap recognized by EBOV237 may play a role in the early human antibody response to EVD and should be considered in rational design strategies for new Ebola virus vaccine candidates

Swimming in a Sea of Shame: Incorporating Emotions into Explanations of Institutional Reproduction and Change

We theorize the role in institutional processes of what we call the shame nexus, a set of shame-related constructs: felt shame, systemic shame, sense of shame, and episodic shaming. As a discrete emotion, felt shame signals to a person that a social bond is at risk and catalyzes a fundamental motivation to preserve valued bonds. We conceptualize systemic shame as a form of disciplinary power, animated by persons’ sense of shame, a mechanism of ongoing intersubjective surveillance and self-regulation. We theorize how the duo of the sense of shame and systemic shame drives the self-regulation that underpins persons’ conformity to institutional prescriptions and institutional reproduction. We conceptualize episodic shaming as a form of juridical power used by institutional guardians to elicit renewed conformity and reassert institutional prescriptions. We also explain how episodic shaming may have unintended effects, including institutional disruption and recreation, when it triggers sensemaking among targets and observers that can lead to the reassessment of the appropriateness of institutional prescriptions or the value of social bonds. We link the shame nexus to three broad categories of institutional work

The JWST Galactic Center Survey -- A White Paper

The inner hundred parsecs of the Milky Way hosts the nearest supermassive black hole, largest reservoir of dense gas, greatest stellar density, hundreds of massive main and post main sequence stars, and the highest volume density of supernovae in the Galaxy. As the nearest environment in which it is possible to simultaneously observe many of the extreme processes shaping the Universe, it is one of the most well-studied regions in astrophysics. Due to its proximity, we can study the center of our Galaxy on scales down to a few hundred AU, a hundred times better than in similar Local Group galaxies and thousands of times better than in the nearest active galaxies. The Galactic Center (GC) is therefore of outstanding astrophysical interest. However, in spite of intense observational work over the past decades, there are still fundamental things unknown about the GC. JWST has the unique capability to provide us with the necessary, game-changing data. In this White Paper, we advocate for a JWST NIRCam survey that aims at solving central questions, that we have identified as a community: i) the 3D structure and kinematics of gas and stars; ii) ancient star formation and its relation with the overall history of the Milky Way, as well as recent star formation and its implications for the overall energetics of our galaxy's nucleus; and iii) the (non-)universality of star formation and the stellar initial mass function. We advocate for a large-area, multi-epoch, multi-wavelength NIRCam survey of the inner 100\,pc of the Galaxy in the form of a Treasury GO JWST Large Program that is open to the community. We describe how this survey will derive the physical and kinematic properties of ~10,000,000 stars, how this will solve the key unknowns and provide a valuable resource for the community with long-lasting legacy value.Comment: This White Paper will be updated when required (e.g. new authors joining, editing of content). Most recent update: 24 Oct 202

Spectacular horizons: the birth of science fiction film, television, and radio, 1900-1959

&nbsp;<br /