Hydrogénases artificielles (nouveaux catalyseurs biosynthétiques pour la production d'hydrogène)

A l'heure actuelle la recherche de nouvelles ressources énergétiques est un domaine en plein développement. Dans ce cadre, l'hydrogène moléculaire y a toute sa place et sera un vecteur énergétique majeur du XXIème siècle en permettant le stockage des énergies renouvelables. Cependant son utilisation est pour l'instant limitée à cause du coût élevé de sa production, industriellement basée sur le platine comme catalyseur. Un des enjeux majeurs de ce siècle est donc de trouver de nouveaux catalyseurs performants pour la production d'hydrogène et dont le coût soit suffisamment faible pour permettre un développement industriel. Les hydrogénases sont des enzymes catalysant la réduction de protons en hydrogène avec une grande efficacité et en conditions douces. Leurs sites actifs sont basés sur des métaux abondants comme le nickel ou le fer et ont des activités similaires au platine dans certaines conditions. Cependant quelques inconvénients, comme leur inactivation par l'oxygène ou encore le fait qu'il soit assez difficile de les produire sous forme active, limitent leur utilisation technologique. Dans ce contexte, la chimie bio-inspirée et la chimie biomimétique sont particulièrement prometteuses : prenant exemple sur la nature et plus particulièrement sur les sites actifs enzymatiques, elles permettent de développer de nouvelles familles de catalyseurs. On a pu ainsi développer des complexes dinucléaire nickel-fer ou encore des complexes de cobalt ayant une activité dans la catalyse de réduction de protons. Certains complexes de cobalt, les cobaloximes et les complexes diimine dioxime de cobalt ont ainsi montré de bonnes activités dans la réduction de protons en milieux organiques ou mixtes organiques/eau. Jusqu'alors cependant peu d'études ont été effectuées en milieux complétement aqueux. Nous pouvons aller plus loin dans cette démarche via une approche dite biosynthétique, qui vise à incorporer des catalyseurs inorganiques dans des enveloppes protéiques. Ces enveloppes protéiques peuvent, par différentes interactions, potentiellement améliorer la solubilité et la stabilité dans l'eau des catalyseurs inorganiques. La thèse qui suit se concentre sur cette approche et plus particulièrement sur la production, la caractérisation et l'étude de nouveaux hybrides entre différentes hémoprotéines (myoglobine et hème oxygénase en particulier) et différents complexes de cobalt (cobaloximes et complexe diimine dioxime de cobalt). Après avoir mis au point un protocole pour la production et la purification de la myoglobine de cachalot sans son cofacteur héminique, nous nous sommes intéressés à préparer et caractériser différents hybrides. Nous avons pu montrer par ce travail que les hémoprotéines dépourvues de leur cofacteur biologique ont une affinité particulière pour les complexes de cobalt et que la coordination de ces complexes inorganiques se fait via une seule histidine de la protéine hôte. Les hybrides ainsi obtenus ont montré une grande stabilité en solution. En plus de l'ajout d'un ligand histidine en axial du cobalt, l'enveloppe protéique permet de moduler la seconde sphère de coordination. Nous avons pu montrer au cours de ce projet que la nature de la protéine hôte module les caractéristiques spectroscopiques et électrochimiques du complexe de cobalt. Enfin ces hybrides ont montré d'une manière générale une activité catalytique pour la production et la photoproduction d'hydrogène dans l'eau, là encore avec une nette influence de la protéine hôte sur l'activité du complexe. Nous avons donc au cours de cette thèse préparé et caractérisé des systèmes hybrides pouvant être qualifiés d'hydrogénases artificielles.Hydrogen production, through the reduction of water in electrolysers, is currently one of the most convenient ways to store energy durably, if the electrical energy is initially obtained from renewable resources. However, while electrolysis is a mature and robust technology, the most promising devices, based on proton exchange membranes, relay on the use of platinum as electrocatalyst to accelerate both hydrogen evolution and water oxidation reactions. This rare and expensive metal is not itself a renewable resource, so the viability of a hydrogen economy depends on the design of new efficient and robust electrocatalytic materials based on earth-abundant elements. A competitive alternative to platinum could be found in living micro-organisms metabolizing hydrogen thanks to hydrogenases. Catalysis in hydrogenases only requires base-metal centers (nickel and iron) thus holding promises for the development of earth-abundant H2-evolving catalysts but these enzymes are highly oxygen sensitive and difficult to rproduce in large quantities under an active form. Biomimetic and bioinspired chemistry can use the structure of their active sites as an inspiration to design new synthetic catalysts and could produce dinuclear nickel ion or diiron and cobalt complexes as active H2 evolving catalysts, respectively. In particular cobaloximes and cobalt diimine dioxime complexes are efficient and stable electro-catalysts for hydrogen evolution form acidic nonaqueous solutions or in mixtures of water and a non-aqueous solvent. Until now, only few studies on H2 evolution catalyzed by these Co complexes have been reported. In this work we use the biosynthetic approach, consisting in producing biohydrid systems combining a synthetic catalyst with a host protein. The protein framework is expected to provide the catalyst with enhanced solubility in water, to proect it against side reactions leading to decomposition and, ultimately to improve its catalytic performances. We selected hemoproteins (myoglobin and heme oxygenase) as host proteins and studied the formation of adducts with cobaloximes and cobalt diimine dioxime complexes. We first describe the method used to produce the apo-form of myoglobin ( ie the protein without its naturel cofactor, heme) and then describe the preparation and characterization of various hybrids in which the cobalt complexes are bound to the protein thanks to the coordination of the imidazole group of a histidine residue. The hybrids proved stable in solution and display catalytic activity for hydrogen production in fully aqueous solution. We also showed that the protein framework tunes the catalytic activity for of the cobalt complex. These novel biohybrids can thus be named as artificial hydrogenases.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Porous dendritic copper: an electrocatalyst for highly selective CO 2 reduction to formate in water/ ionic liquid electrolyte

International audienceCopper is currently extensively studied because it provides promising electrodes for carbon dioxide electroreduction. The original combination, reported here, of a nanostructured porous dendritic Cu-based material, characterized by electron microcopy (SEM, TEM) and X-ray diffraction methods, and a water/ionic liquid mixture as the solvent, contributing to CO 2 solubilization and activation, results in a remarkably efficient (large current densities at low overpotentials), stable and selective (large faradic yields) electrocatalytic system for the conversion of CO 2 into formic acid, a product with a variety of uses. These results provide new directions for the further improvement of Cu electrodes

Investigating light-induced processes in covalent dye-catalyst assemblies for hydrogen production

The light-induced processes occurring in two dye-catalyst assemblies for light-driven hydrogen production were investigated by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. These dyads consist of a push-pull organic dye based on a cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b’]dithiophene (CPDT) bridge, covalently linked to two different H2-evolving cobalt catalysts. Whatever the nature of the latter, photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer from the excited state of the dye to the catalytic center was never observed. Instead, and in sharp contrast to the reference dye, a fast intersystem crossing (ISC) populates a long-lived triplet excited state, which in turn non-radiatively decays to the ground state. This study thus shows how the interplay of different structures in a dye-catalyst assembly can lead to unexpected excited state behavior and might open up new possibilities in the area of organic triplet sensitizers. More importantly, a reductive quenching mechanism with an external electron donor must be considered to drive hydrogen production with these dye-catalyst assemblies. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Theoretical Modeling of Low-Energy Electronic Absorption Bands in Reduced Cobaloximes

The reduced Co^I states of cobaloximes are powerful nucleophiles that play an important role in the hydrogen-evolving catalytic activity of these species. In this work we analyze the low-energy electronic absorption bands of two cobaloxime systems experimentally and use a variety of density functional theory and molecular orbital ab initio quantum chemical approaches. Overall we find a reasonable qualitative understanding of the electronic excitation spectra of these compounds but show that obtaining quantitative results remains a challenging task

Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels - an Evolving Research Field within AMPEA, a Joint Programme of the European Energy Research Alliance

On the path to an energy transition away from fossil fuels to sustainable sources, the European Union is for the moment keeping pace with the objectives of the Strategic Energy Technology-Plan. For this trend to continue after 2020, scientific breakthroughs must be achieved. One main objective is to produce solar fuels from solar energy and water in direct processes to accomplish the efficient storage of solar energy in a chemical form. This is a grand scientific challenge. One important approach to achieve this goal is Artificial Photosynthesis. The European Energy Research Alliance has launched the Joint Programme "Advanced Materials & Processes for Energy Applications” (AMPEA) to foster the role of basic science in Future Emerging Technologies. European researchers in artificial photosynthesis recently met at an AMPEA organized workshop to define common research strategies and milestones for the future. Through this work artificial photosynthesis became the first energy research sub-field to be organised into what is designated "an Application” within AMPEA. The ambition is to drive and accelerate solar fuels research into a powerful European field - in a shorter time and with a broader scope than possible for individual or national initiatives. Within AMPEA the Application Artificial Photosynthesis is inclusive and intended to bring together all European scientists in relevant fields. The goal is to set up a thorough and systematic programme of directed research, which by 2020 will have advanced to a point where commercially viable artificial photosynthetic devices will be under development in partnership with industr

Searching for VHE gamma-ray emission associated with IceCube neutrino alerts using FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS

The realtime follow-up of neutrino events is a promising approach to searchfor astrophysical neutrino sources. It has so far provided compelling evidencefor a neutrino point source: the flaring gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 observedin coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A detected byIceCube. The detection of very-high-energy gamma rays (VHE, $\mathrm{E} >100\,\mathrm{GeV}$) from this source helped establish the coincidence andconstrained the modeling of the blazar emission at the time of the IceCubeevent. The four major imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays (IACTs) -FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS - operate an active follow-up program oftarget-of-opportunity observations of neutrino alerts sent by IceCube. Thisprogram has two main components. One are the observations of known gamma-raysources around which a cluster of candidate neutrino events has been identifiedby IceCube (Gamma-ray Follow-Up, GFU). Second one is the follow-up of singlehigh-energy neutrino candidate events of potential astrophysical origin such asIceCube-170922A. GFU has been recently upgraded by IceCube in collaborationwith the IACT groups. We present here recent results from the IACT follow-upprograms of IceCube neutrino alerts and a description of the upgraded IceCubeGFU system.<br

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Abstract: In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M ⊙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded