Extraction Systems and Analytical Techniques for Food Phenolic Compounds: A Review

Phenolic compounds are highly valuable food components due to their potential utilisation as natural bioactive and antioxidant molecules for the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, the development and optimisation of efficient extraction methods is crucial to obtain phenolic-rich extracts and, for some applications, free of interfering compounds. It should be accompanied with robust analytical tools that enable the standardisation of phenolic-rich extracts for industrial applications. New methodologies based on both novel extraction and/or analysis are also implemented to characterise and elucidate novel chemical structures and to face safety, pharmacology, and toxicity issues related to phenolic compounds at the molecular level. Moreover, in combination with multivariate analysis, the extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds offer tools for plant chemotyping, food traceability and marker selection in omics studies. Therefore, this study reviews extraction techniques applied to recover phenolic compounds from foods and agri-food by-products, including liquid–liquid extraction, solid–liquid extraction assisted by intensification technologies, solid-phase extraction, and combined methods. It also provides an overview of the characterisation techniques, including UV–Vis, infra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and others used in minor applications such as Raman spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry, coupled or not to chromatography. Overall, a wide range of methodologies are now available, which can be applied individually and combined to provide complementary results in the roadmap around the study of phenolic compounds

Nueva cita de "Sporobolus indicus" (L.) R. Br. (Poaceae) en Andalucía occidental

A new record of Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Poaceae) in Western AndalusiaPalabras clave. Sporobolus, Poaceae, corología, Córdoba, Andalucía Occidental, Península Ibérica.Key words. Sporobolus, Poaceae, chorology, Córdoba, Western Andalusia, Iberian Peninsula

Biodiesel production from olive-pomace oil of steam-treated alperujo

Recently interest has been revived in the use of plant-derived waste oils as renewable replacements for fossil diesel fuel. Olive–pomace oil (OPO) extracted from alperujo (by-product of processed olives for olive oil extraction), and produced it in considerable quantities throughout the Mediterranean countries, can be used for biodiesel production. A steam treatment of alperujo is being implemented in OPO extraction industry. This steam treatment improves the solid–liquid separation by centrifugation and facilitates the drying for further extraction of OPO. It has been verified that the steam treatment of this by-product also increases the concentration of OPO in the resulting treated solid, a key factor from an economic point of view. In the present work, crude OPO from steam-treated alperujo was found to be good source for producing biodiesel. Oil enrichment, acidity, biodiesel yield and fatty acid methyl ester composition were evaluated and compared with the results of the untreated samples. Yields and some general physicochemical properties of the quality of biodiesel were also compared to those obtained with other oils commonly used in biodiesel production. As for biodiesel yield no differences were observed. A transesterification process which included two steps was used (acid esterification followed by alkali transesterification). The maximum biodiesel yield was obtained using molar ratio methanol/triglycerides 6:1 in presence of sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 1% (w/w), reaction temperature 60 °C and reaction time 80 min. Under these conditions the process gave yields of about 95%, of the same order as other feedstock using similar production conditions.Junta de Andalucía (P06-AGR- 01906)Dr. Guillermo Rodríguez is grateful to the JAE-Doc Programme (CSIC) co-funded by European Social Fund (Operational Programme ESF 2007-2013

Isolation and identification of minor secoiridoids and phenolic components from thermally treated olive oil by-products

Documento descargado de https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/129335The application of an industrial process based on the hydrothermal treatment of 160 °C/60 min of alperujo, a by-product of olive oil extraction, allows the formation of a liquid phase containing a high concentration of phenolic and secoiridoid compounds. Ethyl acetate was used to extract these phenolic compounds from the aqueous matrix. In this study, the isolation with polyamide and XAD resin allowed detection of the presence of phenolic compounds in minor concentrations. These minor phenols were several oleuropein derivatives that had not been identified in these phenolic extracts previously. The polar compounds, acteosides, secoiridoids, and flavonoids, that remain in the aqueous fraction after extraction with ethyl acetate were identified. We report the presence of known compounds and also detected a novel molecule in alperujo with a molecular weight of 408 whose structure was characterized for first time. This new secoiridoid glucoside was identified as 1-β-D-glucopyranosyl acyclodihydroelenolic acid.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness AGL2013-48291-REuropean Social Fund (ESF) AGL2013-48291-

Procedimiento de purificación de 3,4-dihidroxifenilglicol (DHFG) a partir de productos vegetales

Procedimiento de purificación de 3,4-dihidroxifenilglicol (DHFG) a partir de productos vegetales. Procedimiento de purificación de 3,4-dihidroxifenilglicol (DHFG) a partir de cualquier parte de la planta, productos o subproductos derivados del olivo o cualquier otro producto vegetal de la familia Oleaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Compositae, Lamiaceae, Acanthaceae y/o Scrophulariaceae, y que comprende 1 o más etapas en las que se introduce el producto inicial en al menos una columna de resina iónica, en posibles posteriores etapas se introduce el producto eluido en la columna anterior en una columna de resina iónica y/o de resina de adsorción no iónica. Además, se refiere al extracto de DHFG obtenible mediante el procedimiento descrito y a sus aplicaciones.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)B1 Patente sin examen previ

Effect of site conditions and fertilization treatments on morphological traits and mineral content of Aloe vera plants

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various fertilizer treatments on the morphological traits and mineral content of Aloe vera plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Rabat, as well as two other fields in Skhirat and Sidi Bettach. The treatments including the ‘no application’, control F0 and three treatments which is compost (Organova) F1, compost combined with humus (Humivital) F2, and nitrogen (ammonitrate) 33% F3. The productivity of biomass was estimated based on the variables of morphological traits and mineral content. The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the different variables of Aloe vera depends on the site. Significant effects were found for the most of the variables such as length, width, dry matter; ash content, manganese Mn, copper Cu, zinc Zn, calcium Ca, potassium K, carbon C, nitrogen N, sulfur S contents. Site effect was significant, with the higher values obtained for length, Width, Dry matter, Ash contents, Ca and N in Skhirat. Site effect was also significant for Mn and Cu in Sidi Bettach, and K in the greenhouse. The effect of the treatment F1 was significantly higher for the length and width of the leaves than F3 and the control F0, in addition F2 was significantly higher for the width of the leaves, nitrogen N and sulfur S contents

Risk Factors for COVID-19 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National, ENEIDA-Based Case–Control Study (COVID-19-EII)

(1) Scant information is available concerning the characteristics that may favour the acquisition of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess these differences between infected and noninfected patients with IBD. (2) This nationwide case-control study evaluated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with COVID-19 (cases) and without COVID-19 (controls) during the period March-July 2020 included in the ENEIDA of GETECCU. (3) A total of 496 cases and 964 controls from 73 Spanish centres were included. No differences were found in the basal characteristics between cases and controls. Cases had higher comorbidity Charlson scores (24% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and occupational risk (28% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.0001) more frequently than did controls. Lockdown was the only protective measure against COVID-19 (50% vs. 70%; p < 0.0001). No differences were found in the use of systemic steroids, immunosuppressants or biologics between cases and controls. Cases were more often treated with 5-aminosalicylates (42% vs. 34%; p = 0.003). Having a moderate Charlson score (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3-5.9), occupational risk (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.8-4.4) and the use of 5-aminosalicylates (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) were factors for COVID-19. The strict lockdown was the only protective factor (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.09-0.2). (4) Comorbidities and occupational exposure are the most relevant factors for COVID-19 in patients with IBD. The risk of COVID-19 seems not to be increased by immunosuppressants or biologics, with a potential effect of 5-aminosalicylates, which should be investigated further and interpreted with caution

Obtención y caracterización de compuesto y fracciones bioactivas a partir de alperujo tratado térmicamente: Estudio de un poderoso antioxidante natural (3,4-dihidroxifenilglicol, DHFG): Propiedades y purificación industrial

El objetivo principal es ampliar y adecuar la utilización total del alperujo después de un nuevo tratamiento térmico. Las investigaciones previas en el uso y aprovechamiento integral del alperujo mediante el sistema de tratamiento con vapor steam explos