Dissecting central post-stroke pain:a controlled symptom-psychophysical characterization

Central post-stroke pain affects up to 12% of stroke survivors and is notoriously refractory to treatment. However, stroke patients often suffer from other types of pain of non-neuropathic nature (musculoskeletal, inflammatory, complex regional) and no head-to-head comparison of their respective clinical and somatosensory profiles has been performed so far. We compared 39 patients with definite central neuropathic post-stroke pain with two matched control groups: 32 patients with exclusively non-neuropathic pain developed after stroke and 31 stroke patients not complaining of pain. Patients underwent deep phenotyping via a comprehensive assessment including clinical exam, questionnaires and quantitative sensory testing to dissect central post-stroke pain from chronic pain in general and stroke. While central post-stroke pain was mostly located in the face and limbs, non-neuropathic pain was predominantly axial and located in neck, shoulders and knees (P < 0.05). Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory clusters burning (82.1%, n = 32, P < 0.001), tingling (66.7%, n = 26, P < 0.001) and evoked by cold (64.1%, n = 25, P < 0.001) occurred more frequently in central post-stroke pain. Hyperpathia, thermal and mechanical allodynia also occurred more commonly in this group (P < 0.001), which also presented higher levels of deafferentation (P < 0.012) with more asymmetric cold and warm detection thresholds compared with controls. In particular, cold hypoesthesia (considered when the threshold of the affected side was <41% of the contralateral threshold) odds ratio (OR) was 12 (95% CI: 3.8–41.6) for neuropathic pain. Additionally, cold detection threshold/warm detection threshold ratio correlated with the presence of neuropathic pain (ρ = −0.4, P < 0.001). Correlations were found between specific neuropathic pain symptom clusters and quantitative sensory testing: paroxysmal pain with cold (ρ = −0.4; P = 0.008) and heat pain thresholds (ρ = 0.5; P = 0.003), burning pain with mechanical detection (ρ = −0.4; P = 0.015) and mechanical pain thresholds (ρ = −0.4, P < 0.013), evoked pain with mechanical pain threshold (ρ = −0.3; P = 0.047). Logistic regression showed that the combination of cold hypoesthesia on quantitative sensory testing, the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory, and the allodynia intensity on bedside examination explained 77% of the occurrence of neuropathic pain. These findings provide insights into the clinical-psychophysics relationships in central post-stroke pain and may assist more precise distinction of neuropathic from non-neuropathic post-stroke pain in clinical practice and in future trials

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

Quality of life after stroke: pain assessment, motor deficit and cognitive decline as disabling factors

Introdução: A dor neuropática central é descrita como dor iniciada ou causada por lesão de vias somatossensitivas centrais decorrentes de lesão vascular no sistema nervoso central. Acomete cerca de 1 a 12% das pessoas após um AVC, sendo esta, uma incapacidade relevante podendo ter grande impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes. Objetivo: comparar o impacto funcional negativo das diferentes síndromes: dor neuropática central, incapacidade física e cognição decorrentes do AVC na qualidade de vida dos doentes. Métodos: Foram avaliados 39 doentes com dor central após acidente vascular cerebral e dois grupos controle: o primeiro com 32 doentes com dor não neuropática e o segundo com 31 sem dor crônica. Os participantes responderam os questionários propostos pelo estudo. Resultados: O questionário SF 12, versão breve, a soma do componente físico e mental no grupo total evidenciou, (83,38±19,70) p =< 0,001. O grupo de doentes com dor central apresentaram maior frequência, (79,5%) p=0,001, e intensidade (6,62±1,78) p = < 0,001 da dor comparado ao grupo com dor não neuropática. Os escores dos questionários de dor, Dor Neuropática 4, (7,60±1,74), p = < 0,001, Inventário de Sintomas de Dor Neuropática, escore total, (41,33±20,67) p = < 0,001, questionário de dor McGill breve, (11,16±2,76) p = < 0,001, e Inventário Breve de Dor, dor no momento, (7,51±1,71) p = < 0,001 foram superiores aos do grupo com dor não neuropática. Nas avaliações de déficit motor, a Escala de Rankin Modificada apresentou incapacidade moderada a grave, (17,9%) p=0,013, o índice de Barthel, (87,05±20,57) p = < 0,013, grau de força motora (0,94±0,85) p= 0,040 e a avaliação de Ashworth, (1,25±2,48) p = < 0,001 no grupo total. O Mini Exame do Estado Mental não apresentou diferença significativa entre os três grupos. Realizou-se teste de correlação de Spearman para verificar forca de correlação entre o SF 12, questionário breve e as demais avaliações e análise de regressão linear múltipla resultou em um modelo estatístico significante mostrando que em doentes com DCAVC, humor e sintomas neuropáticos explicam em grande proporção a baixa qualidade de vida dos doentes. Conclusão: Estratégias visando controle de sintomas neuropáticos, principalmente ansiedade e depressão podem ter maior impacto na qualidade de vida de doentes com DCAVC. Declínio cognitivo não demonstrou ser um fator incapacitante nesta amostraIntroduction: Central Post-Stroke Pain is described as pain initiated or caused by a primary injury or central nervous system dysfunction. It affects about 1 to 12% of people after stroke, which is a relevant disability and can have a major negative impact in QOL. Objective: To describe the disability profile and negative functional impact of neuropathic pain, motor deficit and cognitive decline in the quality of life patients after stroke. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with Central Post-Stroke Pain, 32 with non-neuropathic pain and 31 without chronic pain were evaluated. Patients answered the proposed questionnaires for pain assessment. Results: The SF 12 short form questionnaire, SF12 total sum of the physical and mental component in total group showed (83.38 ± 19.70) p = < 0.001. The group of patients with central pain had a higher frequency (79.5%) p = 0.001, and pain intensity (6.62 ± 1.78) p = < 0.001 compared to the group with non-neuropathic pain. Pain questionnaires scores, Neuropathic Pain 4, (7.60 ± 1.74), p = < 0.001, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory total score, (41.33 ± 20.67) p = < 0.001, McGill Pain Questionnaire, (11.16 ± 2.76) p = < 0.001, and Brief Pain Inventory, pain at the moment, (7.51 ± 1.71) p = < 0.001 were higher than in the non-pain group neuropathic. In motor deficit assessments, the Modified Rankin Scale presented moderate to severe disability (17.9%) p = 0.013, Barthel index, (87.05 ± 20.57) p = < 0.013, degree of strength (0.94 ± 0.85) p = 0.040 and Ashworth\'s assessment (1.25 ± 2.48) p = < 0.001 in the total group. The Mini Mental State Examination showed no significant difference between the three groups. Spearman\'s correlation test was performed to verify the strength of correlation between the Short Form 12 questionnaire and the other evaluations. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant statistic showing that in patients with stroke, mood and neuropathic symptoms largely explain the poor quality of life of patients. Conclusion: These findings evidence that the presence of neuropathic pain could be an important component responsible for low QQL in patients after stroke. Strategies to control neuropathic pain symptoms could help to improve QQL in CPSP patients. Cognitive decline has not been shown to be a disabling facto

CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE O USO DE MACONHA E A ESQUIZOFRENIA

A maconha é uma droga muito polêmica que teve seu primeiro registro em 27.000 a.C, oriunda da planta Cannabis sativa que tem origem asiática, crescendo em lugares tropicais e temperados. Utilizada como medicamento em países asiáticos como China e Índia, onde também é usado com fins terapêuticos e em rituais religiosos. Segundo a mitologia a Cannabis era o alimento preferido da deusa Shiva, tendo como princípio, que ao tomar uma bebida ou fumar a substância, a pessoa iria se aproximar da divindade. Na tradição Mahayana do budismo, estima-se que antes de Buda alcançar a iluminação, ficou seis dias comendo apenas uma semente de maconha por dia e nada mais. Como medicamento a planta era usada para curar prisão de ventre, cólicas menstruais, malária e outros. No Brasil, a maconha foi comercializada a partir de 1783 em forma de cânhamo na confecção de velas e cordas de navios. A partir do século XVIII, a planta passou a ser estudada com carácter mais científico, aspecto que resultou em seu grande uso para fins terapêuticos, como no tratamento da asma, tosse ou problemas nervosos. Então no final do século XIX e início do século XX, com a urbanização e problemas sanitários, começou estudos sobre a maconha estabelecendo um controle no seu uso. E com todo esse movimento, nos anos 1960 se deu início ao movimento Hippie, que elevou o número de usuários, atualmente a grandes controversas sobre maconha e seus benefícios e malefícios, sendo em muitos países desenvolvidos a legalização e comercialização desta droga. Entre estes malefícios, acredita-se que o uso contínuo e a longo prazo da maconha acarreta problemas psicológicos como a esquizofrenia. Esse fato se dá devido pesquisas de artigos que evidenciavam que receptores canabióticos foram encontrados no córtex pré-frontal e gânglios de alguns pacientes com a doença, além de apresentarem endocanabinóides no líquor destes. O objetivo do presente artigo foi correlacionar o uso contínuo e à longo prazo da maconha e a psicopatia esquizofrenia. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio dos bancos de dados PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs. A análise dos achados intercorreu com base na elaboração de resumos após a leitura dos artigos, e a partir disso, a efetivação da revisão bibliográfica de cada artigo. Foram tidos como referências um total de 10 artigos onde 4 seguiram o critério de inclusão abordando a temática do mesmo, houve uma grande dificuldade tendo em vista que há poucos estudos sobre assunto, sendo estes encontrados nos anos de 2003 a 2008. A análise dos resultados obtidos nos leva a observar a presença de componentes da droga abordada em locais do cérebro de pessoas que possuem esquizofrenia. Neste contexto conclui-se que a revisão bibliográfica, possibilita a passagem de informação ao quanto o uso a longo prazo da droga pode ser um fator desencadeador da psicopatia

A escrita de diários na formação docente The writing of diaries in teacher education

Este artigo buscou investigar as contribuições da escrita de diários para estudantes de um curso de Pedagogia que já haviam cursado as disciplinas de estágio supervisionado para a docência, em que uma das atividades se referia à elaboração de diários de campo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários com perguntas abertas. A análise dos dados evidenciou que os alunos registravam os acontecimentos no diário logo após o estágio e realizavam uma descrição detalhada deles. Para a maioria dos estudantes a escrita dos diários possibilitou a reflexão sobre a prática observada e sobre a sua própria prática, configurou-se como um apoio à memória e possibilitou o distanciamento das experiências vividas, permitindo a análise mais densa destas. Além disso, evidenciou-se a importância de o formador oferecer feedbacks, orais ou escritos, e de a reflexão sobre os acontecimentos ser pautada no referencial teórico.<br>This article investigated the contribution that keeping a diary, made to pedagogy students who had already attended a course with a supervised teaching stage, in which one of the activities involved the development of field diaries. Data was collected from questionnaires with open questions. Data analysis showed that the students recorded the events in the diary shortly after the supervised lesson/teaching period and that they produced a detailed description of the facts/events. For most students, keeping a diary allowed them to reflect on the practice (of other students) they observed, and on their own practice, while also assisting their memory of events and permitting some detachment from their experiences, thereby allowing a more profound analysis of what took place. Moreover, it provided evidence of the importance of the supervisor offering feedback, written or oral, and also the importance of referring to theoretical literature while reflecting on one's teaching