Sexuelle Viktimisierung im höheren Lebensalter

'Im Rahmen einer multimethodal angelegten explorativen Studie wurden sexuelle Viktimisierungen im Alter untersucht, zu deren Erscheinungsbild bislang in Deutschland empirische Befunde eben so fehlen wie zu darauf gerichteten Interventionen. Die Studie stützt sich auf Daten der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik, 122 Verfahrensakten niedersächsischer Staatsanwaltschaften, eine schriftliche Befragung von 76 Institutionen der Opferhilfe sowie vertiefende Interviews mit 22 PraktikerInnen, die über Erfahrungen mit konkreten Fällen der sexuellen Viktimisierung alter Menschen verfügten. Es wird deutlich, dass so wohl bei Polizei und Justiz als auch bei Institutionen außerhalb des Bereiches der Strafverfolgung nur in geringem Umfang Erfahrungen mit älteren Opfern von Sexualstraftaten vorliegen. Die von beiden Institutionengruppen bearbeiteten Fälle sexueller Viktimisierung unterscheiden sich grundlegend voneinander. Soweit Sexualdelikte an Älteren polizeilich bekannt werden, handelt es sich überwiegend um Fälle des Exhibitionismus, zu einem geringeren Teil um sexuelle Gewaltdelikte im engeren Sinne, bei denen die Täter bzw. Tatverdächtigen den Opfern in der Regel vor der Tat nicht oder nur marginal bekannt waren. Frauenhäuser, Frauennotrufe und ähnliche Einrichtungen sind dagegen primär mit schwerwiegenden Formen sexueller Gewalt in engen sozialen Beziehungen konfrontiert. Dabei geht es zu einem beträchtlichen Teil um fortgesetzte Viktimisierungen in Ehen und Partnerschaften älterer Menschen, bei denen sexuelle Gewalt und sexueller Zwang in ein umfassendes System der Gewaltanwendung, Demütigung und Kontrolle eingebettet sind. Die Studie analysiert das Hilfesuchverhalten älterer Opfer und gibt Hinweise zur Gestaltung und Optimierung von Hilfen für diese Personengruppe.' (Autorenreferat

Do red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) use roar fundamental frequency (F0) to assess rivals?

It is well established that in humans, male voices are disproportionately lower pitched than female voices, and recent studies suggest that this dimorphism in fundamental frequency (F0) results from both intrasexual (male competition) and intersexual (female mate choice) selection for lower pitched voices in men. However, comparative investigations indicate that sexual dimorphism in F0 is not universal in terrestrial mammals. In the highly polygynous and sexually dimorphic Scottish red deer Cervus elaphus scoticus, more successful males give sexually-selected calls (roars) with higher minimum F0s, suggesting that high, rather than low F0s advertise quality in this subspecies. While playback experiments demonstrated that oestrous females prefer higher pitched roars, the potential role of roar F0 in male competition remains untested. Here we examined the response of rutting red deer stags to playbacks of re-synthesized male roars with different median F0s. Our results show that stags’ responses (latencies and durations of attention, vocal and approach responses) were not affected by the F0 of the roar. This suggests that intrasexual selection is unlikely to strongly influence the evolution of roar F0 in Scottish red deer stags, and illustrates how the F0 of terrestrial mammal vocal sexual signals may be subject to different selection pressures across species. Further investigations on species characterized by different F0 profiles are needed to provide a comparative background for evolutionary interpretations of sex differences in mammalian vocalizations

Correlation of tumor PD-L1 expression in different tissue types and outcome of PD-1-based immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma – analysis of the DeCOG prospective multicenter cohort study ADOREG/TRIM

Background PD-1-based immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is the major backbone of current melanoma therapy. Tumor PD-L1 expression represents one of few biomarkers predicting ICI therapy outcome. The objective of the present study was to systematically investigate whether the type of tumor tissue examined for PD-L1 expression has an impact on the correlation with ICI therapy outcome. Methods Pre-treatment tumor tissue was collected within the prospective DeCOG cohort study ADOREG/TRIM (CA209-578; NCT05750511) between February 2014 and May 2020 from 448 consecutive patients who received PD-1-based ICI for non-resectable metastatic melanoma. The primary study endpoint was best overall response (BOR), secondary endpoints were progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). All endpoints were correlated with tumor PD-L1 expression (quantified with clone 28–8; cutoff ≥5%) and stratified by tissue type. Findings Tumor PD-L1 was determined in 95 primary tumors (PT; 36.8% positivity), 153 skin/subcutaneous (34.0% positivity), 115 lymph node (LN; 50.4% positivity), and 85 organ (40.8% positivity) metastases. Tumor PD-L1 correlated with BOR if determined in LN (OR = 0.319; 95% CI = 0.138–0.762; P = 0.010), but not in skin/subcutaneous metastases (OR = 0.656; 95% CI = 0.311–1.341; P = 0.26). PD-L1 positivity determined on LN metastases was associated with favorable survival (PFS, HR = 0.490; 95% CI = 0.310–0.775; P = 0.002; OS, HR = 0.519; 95% CI = 0.307–0.880; P = 0.014). PD-L1 positivity determined in PT (PFS, HR = 0.757; 95% CI = 0.467–1.226; P = 0.27; OS; HR = 0.528; 95% CI = 0.305–0.913; P = 0.032) was correlated with survival to a lesser extent. No relevant survival differences were detected by PD-L1 determined in skin/subcutaneous metastases (PFS, HR = 0.825; 95% CI = 0.555–1.226; P = 0.35; OS, HR = 1.083; 95% CI = 0.698–1.681; P = 0.72). Interpretation For PD-1-based immunotherapy in melanoma, tumor PD-L1 determined in LN metastases was stronger correlated with therapy outcome than that assessed in PT or organ metastases. PD-L1 determined in skin/subcutaneous metastases showed no outcome correlation and therefore should be used with caution for clinical decision making. Funding Bristol-Myers Squibb (ADOREG/TRIM, NCT05750511); German Research Foundation (DFG; Clinician Scientist Program UMEA); Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS; Medical Scientist Academy UMESciA)

Clinical and genetic characteristics of BAP1-mutated non-uveal and uveal melanoma

BackgroundScreening for gene mutations has become routine clinical practice across numerous tumor entities, including melanoma. BAP1 gene mutations have been identified in various tumor types and acknowledged as a critical event in metastatic uveal melanoma, but their role in non-uveal melanoma remains inadequately characterized.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all melanomas sequenced in our department from 2014–2022 (n=2650) was conducted to identify BAP1 mutated samples. Assessment of clinical and genetic characteristics was performed as well as correlations with treatment outcome.ResultsBAP1 mutations were identified in 129 cases and distributed across the entire gene without any apparent hot spots. Inactivating BAP1 mutations were more prevalent in uveal (55%) compared to non-uveal (17%) melanomas. Non-uveal BAP1 mutated melanomas frequently exhibited UV-signature mutations and had a significantly higher mutation load than uveal melanomas. GNAQ and GNA11 mutations were common in uveal melanomas, while MAP-Kinase mutations were frequent in non-uveal melanomas with NF1, BRAF V600 and NRAS Q61 mutations occurring in decreasing frequency, consistent with a strong UV association. Survival outcomes did not differ among non-uveal melanoma patients based on whether they received targeted or immune checkpoint therapy, or if their tumors harbored inactivating BAP1 mutations.ConclusionIn contrast to uveal melanomas, where BAP1 mutations serve as a significant prognostic indicator of an unfavorable outcome, BAP1 mutations in non-uveal melanomas are primarily considered passenger mutations and do not appear to be relevant from a prognostic or therapeutic perspective

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on the metaphysis of tibia at ovarectomized rats as a therapymodel of postmenopausal osteoporosis of women

In dieser Arbeit stand die Untersuchung der osteoprotektiven Wirkung von E2 (17 -Östradiol), dem reinen ER -Agonisten ZK 281471 und dem reinen ER -Agonisten ZK 281738, sowie vom Antiöstrogen ICI am Knochen der ovarektomierten Ratte im Mittelpunkt. Dieses Modell bietet die Möglichkeit, Veränderungen am Knochen während der weiblichen Menopause zu simulieren. Als zentrale Aufgaben ergaben sich die Analyse der sichtbaren Veränderungen der tibialen Metaphyse, die Stabilitätsprüfung dieses Knochenabschnittes im standardisierten Bruchversuch und die Betrachtung der serologisch relevanten Veränderungen. Mit Hilfe der durchgeführten Substitutionsversuche konnte eine Aussage zu Erfolg versprechenden Therapiegrundlagen erarbeitet werden

"Jetzt bin ich so alt und das hört nicht auf": Sexuelle Viktimisierung im Alter

Zweitveröffentlichung. Download von https://kfn.de/publikationen/kfn-forschungsbericht

Aeltere Menschen als Opfer polizeilich registrierter Straftaten

Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, die auf der Basis der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik verfuegbaren Informationen ueber polizeilich bekannt gewordene Delikte an aelteren Menschen in einer Gesamtschau zu betrachten und zu gewichten. Analysiert werden Viktimisierungsrisiken aelterer Maenner und Frauen im Vergleich zu anderen Altersgruppen sowie mittel- und langfristige Trends der Viktimisierung nach Alter und Geschlecht der Opfer sowie nach Tatbestand (Toetungsdelikt, Eigentumsdelikt, Sexualdelikt). Fuer den Zeitraum ab 1993 sind auch Vergleiche der Viktimisierung aelterer Menschen in den alten und den neuen Bundeslaendern moeglich. Die Grenzen von Erkenntnismoeglichkeiten ueber Viktimisierung auf der Basis von Kriminalstatistiken werden eroertert und es werden ergaenzend Ergebnisse von Dunkelfeldstudien aus Deutschland, den USA und Grossbritannien in Bezug auf die Viktimisierung aelterer Menschen ausgewertet. Der - insgesamt beruhigende - Befund 'Viktimisierungsrisiken gehen mit dem Alter zurueck' bedarf in Hinblick auf Hochbetagte sowie auf Personen mit starken gesundheitlichen, funktionalen und kognitiven Beeintraechtigungen weiterer Forschung. (ICE2)Available from UuStB Koeln(38)-20040106958 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman