Molecular Characterization of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and Impact of T-Cell Epitope Mutations on HLA Recognition (ANRS 12159)

To date, 11 HIV-1 subtypes and 48 circulating recombinant forms have been described worldwide. The underlying reason why their distribution is so heterogeneous is not clear. Host genetic factors could partly explain this distribution. The aim of this study was to describe HIV-1 strains circulating in an unexplored area of Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and to assess the impact of optimal epitope mutations on HLA binding.We recruited 125 chronically antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected subjects from five cities in the Mekong Delta. We performed high-resolution DNA typing of HLA class I alleles, sequencing of Gag and RT-Prot genes and phylogenetic analysis of the strains. Epitope mutations were analyzed in patients bearing the HLA allele restricting the studied epitope. Optimal wild-type epitopes from the Los Alamos database were used as reference. T-cell epitope recognition was predicted using the immune epitope database tool according to three different scores involved in antigen processing (TAP and proteasome scores) and HLA binding (MHC score). with a Vietnamese specificity held by two different haplotypes. The percentage of homology between Mekong and B consensus HIV-1 sequences was above 85%. Divergent epitopes had TAP and proteasome scores comparable with wild-type epitopes. MHC scores were significantly lower in divergent epitopes with a mean of 2.4 (±0.9) versus 2 (±0.7) in non-divergent ones (p<0.0001).Our study confirms the wide predominance of CRF01_AE in the Mekong Delta where patients harbor a specific HLA pattern. Moreover, it demonstrates the lower MHC binding affinity among divergent epitopes. This weak immune pressure combined with a narrow genetic diversity favors immune escape and could explain why CRF01_AE is still predominant in Vietnam, particularly in the Mekong area

Pregnancy Care Application Mobile Android Based

Pregnancy is a major concern of the world in current health issues. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) is still quite large in almost all countries in the world due to pregnancycomplications.Pregnancycomplicationscanbepreventedbyimprovingthe healthstatusofpregnant women.However,the lack ofknowledgeof pregnantwomen about pregnancy care and inadequate pregnancy care practices causes mothers to be less aware of what is experienced so that there are delays in decision making to seek help, delays in getting transportation to bring to health facilities, and delay in gettinghelpfromofficershealth.Thehighestnumberofcellularphoneuserstoaccess the internet comes from internet users from Java and Bali (92 percent). The purpose of using the internet is 68.7 percent to search for information and browsing. The purpose of the research is to create a pregnancy guide application for the expectant mother to get the information and knowledge about pregnancy care. The method is used in the research is SDLC (System Development Life Circle) method is the method that describes the system development life cycle in the design and development of information system. The results of the research showed that application has been completed design and has been tested by taking a sample of 55 pregnant women, which is named Pregnancy Care Application Mobile Android Based. Based on the Function Point relationship, this application gets a score of 9,638 (scale 1-10) which shows the usability of use to the user. Thus, this application is very feasible to use becauseallthefeaturesthatarepreparedarethingsthatarereallyneededbypregnant women in the care of daily pregnancy. &nbsp; &nbsp; Keywords: Pregnancy Care, Application Mobile Android

Chronically Symptomatic Patients with Undetectable Gall Bladder on Ultrasonography Could Benefit from Early Cholecystectomy

90 percent of symptomatic patients undergoing cholecystectomy have cholelithiasis with 10% categorized as asymptomatic cholecystitis. In both instances, the gallbladder is evident on ultrasonography. In children with symptomatic biliary dyspepsia, the decision to proceed to cholecystectomy is made difficult if choleliths are not seen on ultrasonography. This decision is made even more difficult if the gallbladder itself is not seen on repeated imaging. In a cohort of 54 cholecystectomies, 3 cases, with recurrent right upper quadrant pain and undetectable gallbladders on repeat ultrasonography, were identified. After prolonged observation all underwent successful cholecystectomy. Histology demonstrated a markedly fibrotic and thickened gallbladder in all. Given this experience, we suggest that nonvisibility of the gallbladder, in fact, maybe be a feature of a chronic acalculous cholecystitis. We advise consideration of cholecystectomy for chronic biliary dyspepsia where repeat ultrasonography fails to demonstrate a gallbladder

Pelatihan Pembuatan Video Pembelajaran Berbasis Software Camtasia Bagi Guru SMA Negeri 1 Dawarblandong, Mojokerto

CAMTASIA SOFTWARE-BASED LEARNING VIDEO MAKING TRAINING FOR TEACHERS OF SMA NEGERI 1 DAWARBLANDONG, MOJOKERTO. The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the use of learning media in schools to become an obstacle during the online learning process. The teachers only use existing learning media in schools and are not used to developing instructional videos. The aim of this activity is to provide training in making learning videos based on Camtasia software for 50 teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Dawarblandong, Mojokerto. The methods used in this training are discourse, discussion, mentoring, and also training to develop learning videos in accordance their fields of study. After mentoring and training in making Camtasia-based learning videos, the team of presenters and participants evaluated the learning videos that were successfully developed by the teacher. The result was that 74% of teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Dawarblandong, Mojokerto succeeded in developing interactive learning videos using Camtasia software. During the training, the participants seemed enthusiastic about taking part in the Camtasia-based learning video making training activity

National sentinel surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients in France over a decade: 2001-2011.

Objectives As recommended by the French ANRS programme for the surveillance of HIV-1 resistance, we estimated the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in antiretroviral-naive, chronically HIV-1-infected patients. Methods RAMs were sought in samples from 661 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected patients in 2010/11 at 36 HIV clinical care centres. Weighted analyses were used to derive representative estimates of the percentage of patients with RAMs. Results At patient inclusion, the prevalence of virus with protease (PR) or reverse transcriptase (RT) RAMs was 9.0% (95% CI 6.8%–11.2%). No integrase RAMs were observed. The prevalences of protease inhibitor, nucleoside RT inhibitor and non-nucleoside RT inhibitor RAMs were 1.8%, 6.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Resistance to one, two and three classes of antiretroviral agent was observed in 7.9%, 0.9% and 0.2% of patients, respectively. The frequency of RAMs was higher in patients infected with B compared with non-B subtype virus (11.9% versus 5.1%, P = 0.003). Baseline characteristics (gender, age, country of transmission, CD4 cell count and viral load) were not associated with the prevalence of transmitted RAMs. However, men having sex with men (MSM) were more frequently infected with resistant virus than were other transmission groups (12.5% versus 5.8%, P = 0.003). Compared with the 2006/07 survey, the overall prevalence of resistance remained stable. However, a significant decrease in the frequency of virus with PR RAMs was observed in 2010/11 compared with the 2006/07 survey (1.8% versus 5.0%, P = 0.003. Conclusions In France in 2010/11, the global prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant variants was 9.0%, and the prevalence was stable compared with the 2006/07 survey. MSM and B subtype-infected patients are the groups with a higher prevalence of drug resistance