The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Efecto de cinco métodos de adecuación de suelo sobre componentes vegetativos y el rendimiento de la variedad Fedearroz 174 en arroz secano, en la vereda Santa Rosa del departamento del Meta

Incluye tablas, gráficas y anexos.En el departamento del Meta se tiene preestablecido un único método de adecuación de suelos que consiste en la implementación de dos pases de rastra y uno de pulidor; como consecuencia se ha venido perdiendo, erosionando, compactando la unidad fundamental de anclaje y alimentación de las plantas, que es el suelo. La consecuencia, desnutrición vegetal por la incapacidad física de las raíces del cultivo para penetrar en la profundidad del suelo y buscar nutrientes y éstos por no encontrar condiciones en el suelo que los haga disponibles para ser absorbidos por las raíces, afectando de esta manera la producción de arroz a través del tiempo. Con el fin de determinar el mejor método de adecuación de suelos que incremente la rentabilidad y productividad del arroz en los Llanos Orientales, se realizó este trabajo de investigación. Los cinco métodos de adecuación de suelos evaluados se establecieron en un área de 5000 m2 distribuida en parcelas de 10 x 50 m con una separación entre tratamientos de 1,0 m y entre bloques de 1.5 m; los tratamientos evaluados fueron: dos pases de rastra y dos de pulidor, un pase de cincel y un pase de pulidor, un pase de rastra, labranza 0, y un pase de cincel.In the department of Meta it has preset a unique method of soil suitability consisting of the implementation of two passes of harrow and one of polisher; as a result it has been losing, eroding, compacting the fundamental unit of anchorage and power plants, which is the soil. The consequence, vegetable malnutrition physical disability of the crop roots to penetrate the soil depth and look nutrients and these not find conditions on the ground to make them available for absorption by the roots, thus affecting production rice over time. In order to determine the best method of adapting the soil to increase the profitability and productivity of rice in the Eastern Plains, this research was conducted. The five evaluated adequacy methods soil settled in an area of 5000 m2 distributed in plots of 10 x 50 m with a separation between treatments 1.0m and 1.5m between blocks; The treatments were: two passes of harrow and two polisher, a pass of chisel and a pass polisher, a pass from Dredge, tilling 0, and a pass chisel.Introducción. -- Justificación. -- Planteamiento del problema. -- Objetivos. -- General. -- Específicos. -- Marco teórico. -- Origen. -- Clasificación taxonómica. -- Descripción botánica. -- Crecimiento y desarrollo de planta. -- Fases fisiológicas del proceso de crecimiento. -- Agroecología. -- Clima. -- Radiación solar. -- Humedad relativa. – Precipitación. – Viento. -- Plagas del cultivo del arroz asociadas a la panícula. -- Sogata (Tagosodes orizicolus). -- Chinche de la espiga (Oebalus sp). -- Enfermedades del cultivo del arroz asociadas a la panícula. -- Añublo del arroz (Pyricularia orizae). -- Añublo de la vaina. (Rhizoctonia solani). -- Escaldado (Rhynchosporium oryzae). -- Helmintosporiosis (Bipolaris orizae). -- Virus de la hoja blanca. -- Pudrición de la vaina (Sarocladium oryzae). -- Manchado de grano. – Vaneamiento. – Volcamiento. – Rendimiento. – Suelos. -- Propiedades físicas del suelo. -- Labranza para el cultivo de arroz. -- Labranza primaria. -- Labranza secundaria. -- Labranza convencional. -- Labranza reducida. -- Labranza vertical variedades. -- Materiales y métodos. -- Descripción del Lugar. -- Descripción Del Experimento. -- Diseño y área experimental. -- Variables de crecimiento y desarrollo. -- Número de plantas. -- Número de hojas. -- Altura de la planta. – Vigor. -- Habilidad de macollamiento. -- Iniciación de primordio floral. – Floración. – Maduración. -- Porcentaje de materia Seca. -- Medición de longitud y volumen de raíz. -- Variables del componente de rendimiento. -- Absorción de panícula. -- Panículas por m2. -- Longitud de la panícula. -- Número de granos por panícula. -- Número de espiguillas totales y llenas/m2. -- Vaneamiento o esterilidad (%). -- Peso de 1000 granos (g). -- Rendimiento en campo 6.5. -- Variables del suelo. -- Análisis físico. – Resultados. – Conclusiones. – Bibliografía. –Anexos.PregradoIngeniero(a) Agrónomo(a)Ingeniería Agronómic

Búsqueda de caso y diagnóstico temprano en sujetos con sospecha de la EPOC

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una patología comúnmente sub-diagnosticada. A la fecha no existe ninguna revisión sistemática publicada que evalué la búsqueda de caso (sujetos mayores de 40 años con factores de riesgo sin síntomas) y el diagnóstico temprano (factor de riesgo y síntomas) de la enfermedad. \ud \ud Métodos: \ud Se condujo una revisión sistemática en tres bases de datos (Pubmed, CINAHL, EMBASE) para identificar estudios observacionales que reportaran la prevalencia de la EPOC en diferentes poblaciones expuestas a factores de riesgo (búsqueda de caso) o con factores de riesgo y síntomas (diagnóstico temprano), posteriormente con dichos estudios se calculó una prevalencia ponderada para cada grupo y esta se comparó con la prevalencia reportada en la población general en estudios locales. Así mismo se identificaron estudios para determinar la precisión de estrategias de búsqueda de caso (cuestionarios y el pico flujo espiratorio portátil PiKo 6®) usando la espirometría como patrón de oro para el diagnóstico de la EPOC. Dos autores seleccionaron de forma independiente los estudios que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y se evaluó la calidad metodológica por medio de la estrategia GRADE. \ud El número necesario a tamizar (1/ prevalencia) para diagnosticar un caso de EPOC con espirometría fue calculado para los dos grupos de interés y comparado con el valor conocido de la prevalencia nacional. \ud A los cuestionarios y estudios de Piko 6® se les evaluó las características operativas (VPP, VPN) y se calcularon las probabilidades pos test negativas y positivas teniendo en cuenta la prevalencia ponderada. \ud \ud \ud \ud Resultados \ud Para la estrategia de búsqueda de caso, once estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y la prevalencia ponderada en este grupo fue de 22% con un número necesario a tamizar (NNS) con espirometría de 5, comparado con un NNS de 11 obtenido de la prevalencia de la EPOC en Colombia 8.9% ( IC 95% 8.2-9.7). \ud Posterior a la evaluación critica de varios cuestionarios y estudios de piko 6®, seleccionamos el cuestionario desarrollado por Mullernová y cols y el estudio de Frith y cols respectivamente. El cuestionario validado mostro una probabilidad postest positiva del 56% y postest negativa del 3% con un NNS de 2; para piko 6® los valores correspondientes fueron de 44%, 7% y 2 respectivamente. \ud Para el diagnóstico temprano la prevalencia ponderada fue del 33.9% con un NNS de 3. \ud \ud Conclusiones\ud El número necesario a tamizar para la estrategia de búsqueda de caso con cuestionarios y piko 6® es substancialmente menor que el número necesario a tamizar en la población general. El uso de cuestionarios o de piko 6® disminuye a 2 el NNS en el grupo de búsqueda de caso y a 3 para el grupo de diagnóstico temprano.Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly underdiagnosed. To date, there is no a systematic evaluation of case finding in subjects with risk factors without symptoms (subjects >40 years with risk factor, no symptoms) and early diagnose those with symptoms (risk factors and symptoms) of the disease. \ud \ud Methods: We performed a systematic review (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE) to identify observational studies that reported prevalence of COPD in case finding and early diagnose and calculated a weighted prevalence for each one of the groups. We also searched for studies that determined the accuracy of questionnaires and hand-held expiratory flow meter PiKo-6®, using spirometry as a gold standard (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <70%) for the diagnosis of COPD. Two of the authors independently selected studies that met the inclusion criteria and assessed methodological quality using the GRADE approach.\ud The Number Needed to Screen (NNS: 1/prevalence) to diagnose a case of COPD with spirometry was calculated for these two groups and compared with the value obtained from the national prevalence. Questionnaires and PiKo-6® were for case finding and the positive and negative posttest probability were calculated based on the weighted prevalence.\ud \ud Results: For case finding, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and the weighted prevalence in this group was 22%, with a NNS with spirometry of 5, compared with a NNS of 11 obtained from the prevalence of COPD of 8,9% (95% IC 8.2-9.7% ) in Colombia. After the critical evaluation of several questionnaires and studies of PiKo-6®, we selected the instrument developed by Müllernováet al. and the study of Frith et al., respectively. The validated questionnaire had a positive posttest probability of 56% and negative posttest probability of 3%, with NNS of 2. For PiKo-6®, the corresponding values were 44%, 7% and 2, respectively. For early diagnosis, the weighted prevalence from 3 studies was 33.9%, with a NNS with spirometry of 3. \ud \ud Conclusion: For case finding of COPD, the NNS with spirometry is substantially lower than the NNS in the general population. The use of a questionnaire or the performance of PiKo-6® for decreases the NNS to 2 in the case finding group. Making early diagnosis in subjects with risk factor and symptoms is also an appropriate strategy with NNS of 3 for spirometry

Machine Learning Applied to COVID-19: A Review of the Initial Pandemic Period

Abstract Diagnostic and decision-making processes in the 2019 Coronavirus treatment have combined new standards using patient chest images, clinical and laboratory data. This work presents a systematic review aimed at studying the Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches to the patients’ diagnosis or evolution with Coronavirus 2019. Five electronic databases were searched, from December 2019 to October 2020, considering the beginning of the pandemic when there was no vaccine influencing the exploration of Artificial Intelligence-based techniques. The first search collected 839 papers. Next, the abstracts were reviewed, and 138 remained after the inclusion/exclusion criteria was performed. After thorough reading and review by a second group of reviewers, 64 met the study objectives. These papers were carefully analyzed to identify the AI techniques used to interpret the images, clinical and laboratory data, considering a distribution regarding two variables: (i) diagnosis or outcome and (ii) the type of data: clinical, laboratory, or imaging (chest computed tomography, chest X-ray, or ultrasound). The data type most used was chest CT scans, followed by chest X-ray. The chest CT scan was the only data type that was used for diagnosis, outcome, or both. A few works combine Clinical and Laboratory data, and the most used laboratory tests were C-reactive protein. AI techniques have been increasingly explored in medical image annotation to overcome the need for specialized manual work. In this context, 25 machine learning (ML) techniques with a highest frequency of usage were identified, ranging from the most classic ones, such as Logistic Regression, to the most current ones, such as those that explore Deep Learning. Most imaging works explored convolutional neural networks (CNN), such as VGG and Resnet. Then transfer learning which stands out among the techniques related to deep learning has the second highest frequency of use. In general, classification tasks adopted two or three datasets. COVID-19 related data is present in all papers, while pneumonia is the most common non-COVID-19 class among them

XV International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "The role of technology in times of pandemic and post-pandemic: innovation and development for strategic social and productive sectors"

La anterior selección, motivados por la aseveración de Manuel Castells -hace casi 20 años ya- que la innovación y la difusión de la tecnología parecía ser la herramienta apropiada para el desarrollo en la era de la información. Este 2020, sin embargo, ante la situación disruptiva que aquejó y aqueja a la sociedad red como una estructura social emergente de la Era de la Información basada en redes de producción, energizadas por el poder y la experiencia; falló y debe reencontrar su rumbo. Es así que los problemas acuciantes, ahora, fueron: la atención sanitaria y la superación de la epidemia de Sars Cov 2; tomó forma la, hasta entonces, visión irrealista de Castells que … no podemos avanzar con nuestros modelos de desarrollo actual, destruyendo nuestro entorno y excluyendo a la mayor parte de la humanidad de los beneficios de la revolución tecnológica más extraordinaria de la historia, sin sufrir una devastadora reacción por parte de la sociedad y la naturaleza. Fue así que el Cuarto Mundo, específicamente, donde la suficiencia de recurso humano, de capital, trabajo, información y mercado -vinculados todos a través de la tecnología- supuso que atendería eficazmente a través de la población que podía por su capacidad hacer uso racional y profesional del conocimiento, las necesidades de la mayoritaria población vulnerable y vulnerada. Por lo anterior, poner en el centro a las personas, en entornos de tarea y trabajo globales hiperconectados combinando espacios físicos, corrientes de información con canales de conexión expeditos, y formando profesionales del conocimiento que asuman y afronten los retos derivados de la transformación digital de empresas, universidades, y organizaciones, pero en condiciones de equidad y sujetos de prosperidad, será el desafío en los escenarios presentes y futuros inmediatos.The previous selection, motivated by the assertion of Manuel Castells -almost 20 years ago- that innovation and diffusion of technology seemed to be the appropriate tool for development in the information age. This 2020, however, in the face of the disruptive situation that afflicted and continues to afflict the network society as an emerging social structure of the Information Age based on production networks, energized by power and experience; He failed and must find his way again. Thus, the pressing problems now were: health care and overcoming the Sars Cov 2 epidemic; Castells' until then unrealistic vision took shape that... we cannot advance with our current development models, destroying our environment and excluding the majority of humanity from the benefits of the most extraordinary technological revolution in history, without suffering a devastating reaction from society and nature. It was thus that the Fourth World, specifically, where the sufficiency of human resources, capital, work, information and market - all linked through technology - meant that it would serve effectively through the population that could, due to its capacity, make rational use. and knowledge professional, the needs of the majority vulnerable and vulnerable population. Therefore, putting people at the center, in hyperconnected global task and work environments, combining physical spaces, information flows with expedited connection channels, and training knowledge professionals who assume and face the challenges derived from the digital transformation of companies, universities, and organizations, but in conditions of equality and subject to prosperity, will be the challenge in the present and immediate future scenarios.Bogot

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN