271 research outputs found
The Policing of Mass Demonstration in Contemporary Democracies, The Policing of Social Protest in Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy
Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020
Properties of Saturn Kilometric Radiation measured within its source region
On 17 October 2008, the Cassini spacecraft crossed the southern sources of
Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), while flying along high-latitude nightside
magnetic field lines. In situ measurements allowed us to characterize for the
first time the source region of an extra-terrestrial auroral radio emission.
Using radio, magnetic field and particle observations, we show that SKR sources
are surrounded by a hot tenuous plasma, in a region of upward field-aligned
currents. Magnetic field lines supporting radio sources map a continuous,
high-latitude and spiral-shaped auroral oval observed on the dawnside,
consistent with enhanced auroral activity. Investigating the Cyclotron Maser
Instability (CMI) as a mechanism responsible for SKR generation, we find that
observed cutoff frequencies are consistent with radio waves amplified
perpendicular to the magnetic field by hot (6 to 9 keV) resonant electrons,
measured locally
Joint coding/decoding techniques and diversity techniques for video and HTML transmission over wireless point/multipoint: a survey
I. Introduction
The concomitant developments of the Internet, which offers to its users always larger and more evolved contents (from
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) files to multimedia applications), and of wireless systems and handhelds integrating
them, have progressively convinced a fair share of people of the interest to always be connected. Still, constraints of
heterogeneity, reliability, quality and delay over the transmission channels are generally imposed to fulfill the
requirements of these new needs and their corresponding economical goals. This implies different theoretical and
practical challenges for the digital communications community of the present time.
This paper presents a survey of the different techniques existing in the domain of HTML and video stream transmission
over erroneous or lossy channels. In particular, the existing techniques on joint source and channel coding and decoding
for multimedia or HTML applications are surveyed, as well as the related problems of streaming and downloading files
over an IP mobile link. Finally, various diversity techniques that can be considered for such links, from antenna diversity
to coding diversity, are presented...Lâengouement du grand public pour les applications multimĂ©dia sans fil ne cesse de croĂźtre depuis
le dĂ©veloppement dâInternet. Des contraintes dâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de canaux de transmission, de fiabilitĂ©,
de qualité et de délai sont généralement exigées pour satisfaire les nouveaux besoins applicatifs entraßnant
ainsi des enjeux Ă©conomiques importants. Ă lâheure actuelle, il reste encore un certain nombre de dĂ©fis
pratiques et thĂ©oriques lancĂ©s par les chercheurs de la communautĂ© des communications numĂ©riques. Câest
dans ce cadre que sâinscrit le panorama prĂ©sentĂ© ici.
Cet article prĂ©sente dâune part un Ă©tat de lâart sur les principales techniques de codage et de dĂ©codage
conjoint développées dans la littérature pour des applications multimédia de type téléchargement et diffusion
de contenu sur lien mobile IP. Sont tout dâabord rappelĂ©es des notions fondamentales des communications
numériques à savoir le codage de source, le codage de canal ainsi que les théorÚmes de Shannon et leurs
principales limitations. Les techniques de codage décodage conjoint présentées dans cet article concernent
essentiellement celles développées pour des schémas de codage de source faisant intervenir des codes
Ă longueur variable (CLV) notamment les codes dâHuffman, arithmĂ©tiques et les codes entropiques universels
de type Lempel-Ziv (LZ). Faisant face au problÚme de la transmission de données (Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) et vidĂ©o) sur un lien sans fil, cet article prĂ©sente dâautre part un panorama de techniques de diversitĂ©s plus ou moins complexes en vue dâintroduire le nouveau
systĂšme Ă multiples antennes dâĂ©mission et de rĂ©ception
Nutritional supplementation and growth after hospital discharge in very low birthweight newborns: Randomized controlled trial / Suplementação nutricional e crescimento de recĂ©m-nascidos de muito baixo peso apĂłs alta hospitalar: Ensaio clĂnico randomizado
Background Evidence is insufficient to show whether fortification has any effect on growth in preterm infants after discharge. Objective to verify whether VLBW preterm infants who are supplemented with multicomponent present greater anthropometric measurements than those not supplemented. Study Design Parallel randomized controlled trial. A computer-generated random number table was used to allocate the participants. Participants Preterm infants discharged from the NICU of a University Hospital from northeast, Brazil, weighing less than 1,500 g exclusively breastfed at discharge and followed up until they reached 6 months corrected gestational age. Intervention intervention group received NestléŸ PreNanŸ formula, fractionated in 2 g of powder, mixed with the mother's milk twice a day. Control group was exclusively breastfed. Follow-up was conducted until the infants reached 6 months corrected gestational age (CGA). Outcomes Growth of the anthropometrics parameters weight, head circumference (HC) and lenth with 6 months of corrected age.  Mixed effects model for longitudinal data was used. Interaction according to sex was detected and ajusted. Results Weight gain was significantly higher in the intervention group. This effect was verified only for males (p = 0.001). No statistically significant association was observed between the intervention and the head circumference or length (p = 0.211; 0.597). The weaning rate at the end of follow-up was similar in both groups. Conclusions Breastmilk supplementation may improve the weight gain of very low birthweight preterm infants up to six months corrected gestational age. This effect differed by sex and was considered significant only for males
Instruments of evaluation of child development of premature newborns
A significant improvement in neonatal intensive care has caused a reduction in mortality in babies at risk and therefore an increase in its morbidity, which stressed the importance of assessing the development of these children. This review was designed to identify the main instruments indicated to assess the development of preterm infants. The databases used were Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, manuals, tools and books in the field of Pediatrics for presenting details on the instruments and not set time limit, because the research objective was to identify the instruments from ancient to most published recently. We identified 11 instruments for assessing development published from 1947 to 1994. Knowledge of these scales and tests can help health professionals and researchers working on the development of premature children, since they constitute an additional tool in the evaluation process. The choice of instrument of assessment should be conducted in accordance with the needs of each child. Can be used for screening, diagnosis, treatment planning and monitoring.A melhoria significativa dos cuidados intensivos neonatais causou uma redução na mortalidade em necĂ©m-nascidos de risco e, portanto, um aumento de sua morbidade, o que realçou a importĂąncia da avaliação do desenvolvimento dessas crianças. Esta revisĂŁo de literatura foi desenhada para identificar os principais instrumentos indicados para avaliar o desenvolvimento dos prĂ©-termos. As bases de dados utilizadas foram Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, manuais dos instrumentos e livros na ĂĄrea de Pediatria por apresentarem maiores detalhes sobre os instrumentos e nĂŁo estabelecer limite de tempo, pois o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar desde os instrumentos mais antigos atĂ© os publicados recentemente. Foram identificados 11 instrumentos de avaliação do desenvolvimento publicados desde 1947 a. O conhecimento dessas escalas e dos testes pode ajudar aos profissionais de saĂșde e pesquisadores que trabalham com o desenvolvimento de crianças prematuras, pois constituem uma ferramenta adicional durante o processo de avaliação. A escolha do instrumento de avaliação deve ser realizada em acordo com as necessidades de cada criança. Podendo ser utilizados para a triagem, diagnĂłstico, planejamento e acompanhamento do tratamento
F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Imaging-Assisted Management of Patients With Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Suspected Coronary Disease A Randomized, Controlled Trial (PARR-2)
ObjectivesWe conducted a randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)-assisted management in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction and suspected coronary disease.BackgroundSuch patients may benefit from revascularization, but have significant perioperative morbidity and mortality. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET can detect viable myocardium that might recover after revascularization.MethodsIncluded were patients with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and suspected coronary disease being considered for revascularization, heart failure, or transplantation work-ups or in whom PET was considered potentially useful. Patients were stratified according to recent angiography or not, then randomized to management assisted by FDG PET (n = 218) or standard care (n = 212). The primary outcome was the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent hospital stay for cardiac cause, within 1 year.ResultsAt 1 year, the cumulative proportion of patients who had experienced the composite event was 30% (PET arm) versus 36% (standard arm) (relative risk 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59 to 1.14; p = 0.16). The hazard ratio (HR) for the composite outcome, PET versus standard care, was 0.78 (95% CI 0.58 to 1.1; p = 0.15); for patients that adhered to PET recommendations for revascularization, revascularization work-up, or neither, HR = 0.62 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.93; p = 0.019); in those without recent angiography, for cardiac death, HR = 0.4 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.96; p = 0.035).ConclusionsThis study did not demonstrate a significant reduction in cardiac events in patients with LV dysfunction and suspected coronary disease for FDG PET-assisted management versus standard care. In those who adhered to PET recommendations and in patients without recent angiography, significant benefits were observed. The utility of FDG PET is best realized in this subpopulation and when adherence to recommendations can be achieved
Compliance With Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in Contemporary Coronary Revascularization Trials
Background: Despite the well-established benefits of secondary cardiovascular prevention, the importance of concurrent medical therapy in clinical trials of coronary revascularization is often overlooked. Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess compliance with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in clinical trials and its potential impact on the comparison between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE were searched from 2005 to August 2017. Clinical trial registries and reference lists of relevant studies were also searched. Randomized controlled trials comparing PCI with drug-eluting stents versus CABG and reporting medical therapy after revascularization were included. The study outcome was compliance with GDMT, defined as the following: 1) any antiplatelet agent plus beta-blocker plus statin (GDMT1); and 2) any antiplatelet agent plus beta-blocker plus statin plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (GDMT2). Data collection and analysis were performed according to the methodological recommendations of The Cochrane Collaboration. Results: From a total of 439 references, 5 trials were included based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, compliance with GDMT1 was low and decreased over time from 67% at 1 year to 53% at 5 years. Compliance with GDMT2 was even lower and decreased from 40% at 1 year to 38% at 5 years. Compliance with both GDMT1 and GDMT2 was higher in PCI than in CABG at all time points. Meta-regression suggested an association between lower use of GDMT1 and adverse clinical outcomes in PCI versus CABG at 5 years. Conclusions: Compliance with GDMT in contemporary clinical trials remains suboptimal and is significantly lower after CABG than after PCI, which may influence the comparison of clinical trial endpoints between those study groups
Saturn's northern auroras and their modulation by rotating current systems during late northern spring in early 2014
The Hubble Space Telescope imaged Saturn's northern ultraviolet auroras during FebruaryâJune 2014, when Saturn's northern and southern magnetic perturbation fields were locked in antiâphase and matched in rotation period (~10.69 h). During this coalescence period, we test for evidence of rotational modulation of the auroras using the latest rotating current system model and kilometric radio phases derived from Cassini measurements. While we see modulation of auroral intensity in the rotating frames of the planetary period current systems, the pattern is opposite to that expected and is dominated by an asymmetric local time profile that peaks at dawn. Enhancement of the north emission by rotating upward field aligned currents (FACs) is expected to peak at magnetic longitudes of ~90°, whereas here the intensity increased at ~270°. This unexpected finding is attributed to the presence of nonâPPO dynamics having affected the auroral morphology, together with insufficient sampling of the rotational system orientations provided during such HST campaigns. Rotational modulation is clearest at dawn regardless of the pattern's orientation, suggesting that the physical relationship between rotating FACs and auroral intensity is not direct, having a local time dependence that is not generally observed in the rotating FAC magnitudes. We also find no statistically significant planetary period oscillation of the auroral circle position, but the mean centre was offset from the spin pole by ~3° latitude toward early morning local times. Mean auroral boundaries were located at equatorward and poleward colatitudes of 15.0±2.8° and 12.4±3.0°
Quelle place pour les adventices dans lâĂ©pidĂ©miosurveillance ? Rapport au ComitĂ© National dâEpidĂ©miosurveillance
La gestion des adventices est Ă juste titre considĂ©rĂ©e comme un frein majeur Ă lâadoption demĂ©thodes intĂ©grĂ©es de conduite des cultures peu dĂ©pendantes en produits phytosanitaires.Leur dynamique dâinfestation se construisant sur plusieurs saisons culturales du fait du stock desemences dans le sol, les plantes adventices ne peuvent ĂȘtre gĂ©rĂ©es comme le seraient dâautresravageurs dĂ©pendant des seuls paramĂštres saisonniers pour dĂ©clencher leur Ă©pidĂ©mie. Pourautant notre groupe conclut que lâĂ©pidĂ©miosurveillance des adventices peut ĂȘtre utile Ă unerationalisation des moyens de lutte. Elle peut permettre, sur le pas de temps court, dâoptimiseren saison le choix tactique et le timing des interventions de tout ordre ayant un impact sur lesadventices et doit pour cela apparaĂźtre clairement dans les Bulletins de SantĂ© du VĂ©gĂ©tal (BSV).Sa compilation sur plusieurs saisons permettra de mieux saisir lâĂ©volution de la flore et depointer du doigt les facteurs responsables sous-jacents. Ceux-ci constituent autant dâĂ©lĂ©ments Ă intĂ©grer dans lâanalyse du risque et les prĂ©conisations stratĂ©giques qui peuvent en dĂ©couler. (...
Abrupt changes of temperature and water chemistry in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Black Sea
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (2008): Q01004, doi:10.1029/2007GC001683.New Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and published stable oxygen isotope and 87Sr/86Sr data obtained on ostracods from gravity cores located on the northwestern Black Sea slope were used to infer changes in the Black Sea hydrology and water chemistry for the period between 30 to 8 ka B.P. (calibrated radiocarbon years). The period prior to 16.5 ka B.P. was characterized by stable conditions in all records until a distinct drop in ÎŽ 18O values combined with a sharp increase in 87Sr/86Sr occurred between 16.5 and 14.8 ka B.P. This event is attributed to an increased runoff from the northern drainage area of the Black Sea between Heinrich Event 1 and the onset of the BĂžlling warm period. While the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca records remained rather unaffected by this inflow; they show an abrupt rise with the onset of the BĂžlling/AllerĂžd warm period. This rise was caused by calcite precipitation in the surface water, which led to a sudden increase of the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of the Black Sea water. The stable oxygen isotopes also start to increase around 15 ka B.P., although in a more gradual manner, due to isotopically enriched meteoric precipitation. While Sr/Ca remains constant during the following interval of the Younger Dryas cold period, a decrease in the Mg/Ca ratio implies that the intermediate water masses of the Black Sea temporarily cooled by 1â2°C during the Younger Dryas. The 87Sr/86Sr values drop after the cessation of the water inflow at 15 ka B.P. to a lower level until the Younger Dryas, where they reach values similar to those observed during the Last Glacial Maximum. This might point to a potential outflow to the Mediterranean Sea via the Sea of Marmara during this period. The inflow of Mediterranean water started around 9.3 ka B.P., which is clearly detectable in the abruptly increasing Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr values. The accompanying increase in the ÎŽ 18O record is less pronounced and would fit to an inflow lasting âŒ100 a.This research
was funded by the DFG grants LA 1273/2-1, LA 1273/2,
and WE 992/47-3. RCOM 0517
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