TINJAUAN YURIDIS TENTANG "PENGHINAAN" DALAM KEBEBASAN BERPENDAPAT (FREEDOM OF SPEECH) (Pasal 45 Ayat 3 UU No. 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik)

ABSTRACTSocial media is one of the triggers for problems that arise in today's social reality, from these problems the government formed a special law, namely the law on information and electronic transactions, hereinafter referred to as the ITE Law. One of the rules regulated in the ITE Law is the criminal act of humiliation which is a study in the writing of this thesis with the formulation of the problem of the definition of insult in Article 45 Paragraph 3 of Law no. 19 and how humiliation in the perspective of freedom of expression. This research is a normative juridical research with the main reference being the joint decision of the three ministers, hereinafter referred to as the SKB regarding the implementation of Law no. 19 of 2016. The decree states that it is not an insult if the content or content that is transmitted, distributed, and/or made accessible is in the form of an assessment, opinion, evaluation result or a fact. Insults are also part of opinions where the indicators of insults themselves are difficult to define, so that all opinions whose objects of opinion are other people may be entangled in the article and become a weapon for everyone to punish everyone so that it threatens freedom of expression.Keywords:insults, freedom of opinion, ITE Law ABSTRAKMedia sosial menjadi salah satu bagian pemicu permasalahan yang muncul dalam suatu realitas sosial masyarakat hari ini, dari permasalahan tersebut pemerintah membentuk UU khusus yaitu undang undang tentang informasi dan transaksi elektronik yang selanjutnya disebut UU ITE. Salah satu aturan yang diatur dalam UU ITE adalah tindak pidana penghinaan yang dimana menjadi suatu kajian dalam kepenulisan skripsi ini dengan rumusan masalah definisi penghinaan dalam Pasal 45 Ayat 3 UU No. 19 dan bagaimana penghinaan dalam dalam perspektif kebebasan berpendapat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan acuan utama keputusan bersama tiga mentri yang selanjutnya disebut SKB tentang implementasi  UU No. 19 Tahun 2016. Dalam SKB tersebut dinyatakan bukan sebuah penghinaan jika muatan atau konten yang ditransmisikan, didistribusikan, dan/atau dibuat dapat diaksesnya tersebut adalah berupa penilaian, pendapat, hasil evaluasi atau sebuah kenyataan. Penghinaan juga bagian dari pendapat dimana indikator penghinaan sendiri sulit untuk didefinisikan sehingga yang terjadi semua pendapat yang objek pendapatnya orang lain memungkinkan terjerat pasal tersebut dan menjadi senjata bagi setiap orang untuk menghukum semua orang sehingga hal tersebut mengancam kebebasan berpendapatKata kunci:penghinaan, kebebasan berpendapat, UU-IT

PERANCANGAN FRAME UNTUK KENDARAAN ELEKTRIK ANGKUTAN KOTA

Konsep perencanaan desain angkot pada tugas akhir ini direncanakan untuk digunakan dalam beberapa tahun kedepan, Oleh karena itu angkot akan mengaplikasikan teknologi mobil listrik dengan pertimbangan kondisi polusi udara yang semakin tinggi dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar minyak. Teknologi mobil listrik dinilai cocok untuk diaplikasikan sebagai transportasi feeder yang beroperasi di daerah permukiman dikarenakan minim suara dan polusi. Desain angkot berorientasi pada kenyamanan dan ergonomi penumpang, dimana sasaran dari pengguna angkot adalah masyarakat, wisatawan serta para penyandang disabilitas. Angkot didesain senyaman mungkin dengan konsep lower deck dan memaksimalkan jumlah kapasitas penumpang, diantaranya menyediakan tempat penumpang duduk dan berdiri. Sistem pelayanan angkot mengaplikasikan sistem rapid transit, yaitu angkot memiliki jadwal dan rute yang pasti dan hanya berhenti untuk mengambil dan menurunkan penumpang di halte.Frame merupakan salah satu bagian penting pada kendaraan yang harus mempunyai kontruksi kuat untuk menahan atau memikul beban kendaraan. Semua beban dalam kendaraan baik itu penumpang, mesin, sistem kemudi, dan segala peralatan kenyamanan semuanya diletakan di atas frame. Oleh karena itu setiap kontruksi rangka harus mampu untuk menahan semua beban dari kendaran. Kata kunci: frame, kendaraan elektri

PERANCANGAN FRAME UNTUK KENDARAAN ELEKTRIK ANGKUTAN KOTA

Konsep perencanaan desain angkot pada tugas akhir ini direncanakan untuk digunakan dalam beberapa tahun kedepan, Oleh karena itu angkot akan mengaplikasikan teknologi mobil listrik dengan pertimbangan kondisi polusi udara yang semakin tinggi dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar minyak. Teknologi mobil listrik dinilai cocok untuk diaplikasikan sebagai transportasi feeder yang beroperasi di daerah permukiman dikarenakan minim suara dan polusi. Desain angkot berorientasi pada kenyamanan dan ergonomi penumpang, dimana sasaran dari pengguna angkot adalah masyarakat, wisatawan serta para penyandang disabilitas. Angkot didesain senyaman mungkin dengan konsep lower deck dan memaksimalkan jumlah kapasitas penumpang, diantaranya menyediakan tempat penumpang duduk dan berdiri. Sistem pelayanan angkot mengaplikasikan sistem rapid transit, yaitu angkot memiliki jadwal dan rute yang pasti dan hanya berhenti untuk mengambil dan menurunkan penumpang di halte.Frame merupakan salah satu bagian penting pada kendaraan yang harus mempunyai kontruksi kuat untuk menahan atau memikul beban kendaraan. Semua beban dalam kendaraan baik itu penumpang, mesin, sistem kemudi, dan segala peralatan kenyamanan semuanya diletakan di atas frame. Oleh karena itu setiap kontruksi rangka harus mampu untuk menahan semua beban dari kendaran. Kata kunci: frame, kendaraan elektri

PERANCANGAN FRAME UNTUK KENDARAAN ELEKTRIK ANGKUTAN KOTA

Konsep perencanaan desain angkot pada tugas akhir ini direncanakan untuk digunakan dalam beberapa tahun kedepan, Oleh karena itu angkot akan mengaplikasikan teknologi mobil listrik dengan pertimbangan kondisi polusi udara yang semakin tinggi dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar minyak. Teknologi mobil listrik dinilai cocok untuk diaplikasikan sebagai transportasi feeder yang beroperasi di daerah permukiman dikarenakan minim suara dan polusi. Desain angkot berorientasi pada kenyamanan dan ergonomi penumpang, dimana sasaran dari pengguna angkot adalah masyarakat, wisatawan serta para penyandang disabilitas. Angkot didesain senyaman mungkin dengan konsep lower deck dan memaksimalkan jumlah kapasitas penumpang, diantaranya menyediakan tempat penumpang duduk dan berdiri. Sistem pelayanan angkot mengaplikasikan sistem rapid transit, yaitu angkot memiliki jadwal dan rute yang pasti dan hanya berhenti untuk mengambil dan menurunkan penumpang di halte.Frame merupakan salah satu bagian penting pada kendaraan yang harus mempunyai kontruksi kuat untuk menahan atau memikul beban kendaraan. Semua beban dalam kendaraan baik itu penumpang, mesin, sistem kemudi, dan segala peralatan kenyamanan semuanya diletakan di atas frame. Oleh karena itu setiap kontruksi rangka harus mampu untuk menahan semua beban dari kendaran. Kata kunci: frame, kendaraan elektri

الكلام الإنشائي في كتاب أربعين حديثا من كلام خير الأنام عن المواعظ والنصائح والأحكام من للشيخ السيد إسماعيل عثمان زين اليمني المكي

Penelitian ini menggunakan salah satu objek kajian Bahasa yakni As-Shunnah. Pada penelitian kali ini peneliti mengambil Hadist Arba’in karya Syekh Sayyid Ismail Utsman Zain Al – Yamani Al Makky. Beliau adalah ulama yang masih cukup muda namun sudah banyak berkiprah dalam dakwah dan pendidikan.Kalam Insya’i merupakan salah satu kajian dari balaghah. Ilmu balagah sendiri merupakan sebuah disiplin ilmu yang berkaitan dengan masalah kalimat, yaitu mengenai susunannya, maknanya, pengaruh jiwa, keindahan, dan kejelian pemilihan kata yang sesuai dengan tuntutan

Large-scale shifts in phytoplankton groups in the Equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives important changes in the marine productivity of the Equatorial Pacific, in particular during major El Niño/La Niña transitions. Changes in environmental conditions associated with these climatic events also likely impact phytoplankton composition. In this work, the distribution of four major phytoplankton groups (nanoeucaryotes, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and diatoms) was examined between 1996 and 2007 by applying the PHYSAT algorithm to the ocean color data archive from the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Coincident with the decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, a large-scale shift in the phytoplankton composition of the Equatorial Pacific, that was characterized by a decrease in Synechococcus and an increase in nanoeucaryote dominance, was observed during the early stages of both the strong El Niño of 1997 and the moderate El Niño of 2006. A significant increase in diatoms dominance was observed in the Equatorial Pacific during the 1998 La Niña and was associated with elevated marine productivity. An analysis of the environmental variables using a coupled physical-biogeochemical model (NEMO-PISCES) suggests that the Synechococcus dominance decrease during the two El Niño events was associated with an abrupt decline in nutrient availability (−0.9 to −2.5 μM NO3 month−1). Alternatively, increased nutrient availability (3 μM NO3 month−1) during the 1998 La Niña resulted in Equatorial Pacific dominance diatom increase. Despite these phytoplankton community shifts, the mean composition is restored after a few months, which suggests resilience in community structure

Estimation of the Potential Detection of Diatom Assemblages Based on Ocean Color Radiance Anomalies in the North Sea

Over the past years, a large number of new approaches in the domain of ocean-color have been developed, leading to a variety of innovative descriptors for phytoplankton communities. One of these methods, named PHYSAT, currently allows for the qualitative detection of five main phytoplankton groups from ocean-color measurements. Even though PHYSAT products are widely used in various applications and projects, the approach is limited by the fact it identifies only dominant phytoplankton groups. This current limitation is due to the use of biomarker pigment ratios for establishing empirical relationships between in-situ information and specific ocean-color radiance anomalies in open ocean waters. However, theoretical explanations of PHYSAT suggests that it could be possible to detect more than dominance cases but move more toward phytoplanktonic assemblage detection. Thus, to evaluate the potential of PHYSAT for the detection of phytoplankton assemblages, we took advantage of the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, collected in both the English Channel and the North Sea. The available CPR dataset contains information on diatom abundance in two large areas of the North Sea for the period 1998-2010. Using this unique dataset, recurrent diatom assemblages were retrieved based on classification of CPR samples. Six diatom assemblages were identified in-situ, each having indicators taxa or species. Once this first step was completed, the in-situ analysis was used to empirically associate the diatom assemblages with specific PHYSAT spectral anomalies. This step was facilitated by the use of previous classifications of regional radiance anomalies in terms of shape and amplitude, coupled with phenological tools. Through a matchup exercise, three CPR assemblages were associated with specific radiance anomalies. The maps of detection of these specific radiances anomalies are in close agreement with current in-situ ecological knowledge

Average seasonal changes in chlorophyll a in Icelandic waters

The standard algorithms used to derive sea surface chlorophyll a concentration from remotely sensed ocean colour data are based almost entirely on the measurements of surface water samples collected in open sea (case 1) waters which cover ~60% of the worlds oceans, where strong correlations between reflectance and chlorophyll concentration have been found. However, satellite chlorophyll data for waters outside the defined case 1 areas, but derived using standard calibrations, are frequently used without reference to local in situ measurements and despite well-known factors likely to lead to inaccuracy. In Icelandic waters, multiannual averages of 8-d composites of SeaWiFS chlorophyll concentration accounted for just 20% of the variance in a multiannual dataset of in situ chlorophyll a measurements. Nevertheless, applying penalized regression spline methodology to model the spatial and temporal patterns of in situ measurements, using satellite chlorophyll as one of the predictor variables, improved the correlation considerably. Day number, representing seasonal variation, accounted for substantial deviation between SeaWiFS and in situ estimates of surface chlorophyll. The final model, using bottom depth and bearing to the sampling location as well as the two variables mentioned above, explained 49% of the variance in the fitting dataset

Spatial and temporal variability of the dimethylsulfide to chlorophyll ratio in the surface ocean: an assessment based on phytoplankton group dominance determined from space

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced in surface seawater by phytoplankton. Phytoplankton culture experiments have shown that nanoeucaryotes (NANO) display much higher mean DMSP-to-Carbon or DMSP-to-Chlorophyll (Chl) ratios than Prochlorococcus (PRO), Synechococcus (SYN) or diatoms (DIAT). Moreover, the DMSP-lyase activity of algae which cleaves DMSP into dimethylsulfide (DMS) is even more group specific than DMSP itself. Ship-based observations have shown at limited spatial scales, that sea surface DMS-to-Chl ratios (DMS:Chl) are dependent on the composition of phytoplankton groups. Here we use satellite remote sensing of Chl (from SeaWiFS) and of Phytoplankton Group Dominance (PGD from PHYSAT) with ship-based sea surface DMS concentrations (8 cruises in total) to assess this dependence on an unprecedented spatial scale. PHYSAT provides PGD (either NANO, PRO, SYN, DIAT, Phaeocystis (PHAEO) or coccolithophores (COC)) in each satellite pixel (1/4° horizontal resolution). While there are identification errors in the PHYSAT method, it is important to note that these errors are lowest for NANO PGD which we typify by high DMSP:Chl. In summer, in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, we find that mean DMS:Chl associated with NANO + PHAEO and PRO + SYN + DIAT are 13.6±8.4 mmol g−1 (n=34) and 7.3±4.8 mmol g−1 (n=24), respectively. That is a statistically significant difference (P<0.001) that is consistent with NANO and PHAEO being relatively high DMSP producers. However, in the western North Atlantic between 40° N and 60° N, we find no significant difference between the same PGD. This is most likely because coccolithophores account for the non-dominant part of the summer phytoplankton assemblages. Meridional distributions at 22° W in the Atlantic, and 95° W and 110° W in the Pacific, both show a marked drop in DMS:Chl near the equator, down to few mmol g−1, yet the basins exhibit different PGD (NANO in the Atlantic, PRO and SYN in the Pacific). In tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Pacific waters away from the equatorial and coastal upwelling, mean DMS:Chl associated with high and low DMSP producers are statistically significantly different, but the difference is opposite of that expected from culture experiments. Hence, in a majority of cases PGD is not of primary importance in controlling DMS:Chl variations. We therefore conclude that water-leaving radiance spectra obtained simultaneously from ocean color sensor measurements of Chl concentrations and dominant phytoplankton groups can not be used to predict global fields of DMS

A consumer’s guide to satellite remote sensing of multiple phytoplankton groups in the global ocean

Phytoplankton are composed of diverse taxonomical groups, which are manifested as distinct morphology, size and pigment composition. These characteristics, modulated by their physiological state, impact their light absorption and scattering, allowing them to be detected with ocean color satellite radiometry. There is a growing volume of literature describing satellite algorithms to retrieve information on phytoplankton composition in the ocean. This synthesis provides a review of current methods and a simplified comparison of approaches. The aim is to provide an easily comprehensible resource for non-algorithm developers, who desire to use these products, thereby raising the level of awareness and use of these products and reducing the boundary of expert knowledge needed to make a pragmatic selection of output products with confidence. The satellite input and output products, their associated validation metrics, as well as assumptions, strengths and limitations of the various algorithm types are described, providing a framework for algorithm organization to assist users and inspire new aspects of algorithm development capable of exploiting the higher spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions from the next generation of ocean color satellites