4,236 research outputs found
Classical BV formalism for group actions
We study the derived critical locus of a function f: [X/G] \u2192 1 on the quotient stack of a smooth affine scheme X by the action of a smooth affine group scheme G. It is shown that dCrit(f) R [Z/G] is a derived quotient stack for a derived affine scheme Z, whose dg-algebra of functions is described explicitly. Our results generalize the classical BV formalism in finite dimensions from Lie algebra to group actions
ON THE TURBULENCE IN A VISCOUS HEAT-CONDUCTING GAS
The problem of the emergence of turbulence is one of the unsolved problems of physics and technology of the 20th century. It is noted that in order to understand the emergence of turbulence in a viscous heat-conducting gas, it is necessary to take into account the compressibility of the medium. A definition of turbulence in a viscous heat-conducting gas is given, which is a cyclically repeating process of the emergence and decay of coherent vortex structures described by a vector wave equation. The decay of vortex structures is accompanied by an explosive, asymptotic increase in pressure pulsations, which triggers a new cycle of turbulence generation. The emergence and decay of coherent vortex structures in the boundary layer on a plate and in a round jet is considered
The angular momentum of two collided rarefied preplanetesimals and the formation of binaries
This paper studies the mean angular momentum associated with the collision of
two celestial objects in the earliest stages of planet formation. Of primary
concern is the scenario of two rarefied preplanetesimals (RPPs) in circular
heliocentric orbits. The theoretical results are used to develop models of
binary or multiple system formation from RPPs, and explain the observation that
a greater fraction of binaries originated farther from the Sun. At the stage of
RPPs, small-body satellites can form in two ways: a merger between RPPs can
have two centers of contraction, or the formation of satellites from a disc
around the primary or the secondary. Formation of the disc can be caused by
that the angular momentum of the RPP formed by the merger is greater than the
critical angular momentum for a solid body. One or several satellites of the
primary (moving mainly in low-eccentricity orbits) can be formed from this disc
at any separation less than the Hill radius. The first scenario can explain a
system such as 2001 QW322 where the two components have similar masses but are
separated by a great distance. In general, any values for the eccentricity and
inclination of the mutual orbit are possible. Among discovered binaries, the
observed angular momenta are smaller than the typical angular momenta expected
for identical RPPs having the same total mass as the discovered binary and
encountering each other in circular heliocentric orbits. This suggests that the
population of RPPs underwent some contraction before mergers became common.Comment: 12 pages, Monthly Notices of Royal Astron. Society, in pres
Giant planet formation: episodic impacts vs. gradual core growth
We describe the growth of gas giant planets in the core accretion scenario.
The core growth is not modeled as a gradual accretion of planetesimals but as
episodic impacts of large mass ratios, i.e. we study impacts of 0.02 - 1 Earth
masses onto cores of 1-15 Earth masses. Such impacts could deliver the majority
of solid matter in the giant impact regime. We focus on the thermal response of
the envelope to the energy delivery. Previous studies have shown that sudden
shut off of core accretion can dramatically speed up gas accretion. We
therefore expect that giant impacts followed by periods of very low core
accretion will result in a net increase in gas accretion rate. This study aims
at modelling such a sequence of events and to understand the reaction of the
envelope to giant impacts in more detail.
To model this scenario, we spread the impact energy deposition over a time
that is long compared to the sound crossing time, but very short compared to
the Kelvin-Helmholtz time. The simulations are done in spherical symmetry and
assume quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium.
Results confirm what could be inferred from previous studies: gas can be
accreted faster onto the core for the same net core growth speed while at the
same time rapid gas accretion can occur for smaller cores -- significantly
smaller than the usual critical core mass. Furthermore our simulations show,
that significant mass fractions of the envelope can be ejected by such an
impact
Binary planetesimals and their role in planet formation
One of the main evolutionary stages of planet formation is the dynamical
evolution of planetesimal disks. These disks are thought to evolve through
gravitational encounters and physical collisions between single planetesimals.
In recent years, many binary planetesimals have been observed in the Solar
system, indicating that the binarity of planetesimals is high. However, current
studies of planetesimal disks formation and evolution do not account for the
role of binaries. Here we point out that gravitational encounters of binary
planetesimals can have an important role in the evolution of planetesimal
disks. Binary planetesimals catalyze close encounters between planetesimals,
and can strongly enhance their collision rate. Binaries may also serve as
additional heating source of the planetesimal disk, through the exchange of the
binaries gravitational potential energy into the kinetic energy of
planetesimals in the disk.Comment: Accepted to ApJ
Variability of pathogenicity factors representative of the human microbiome under the influence of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles
Biomedical applications of nanoparticles require deep understanding of their interaction with normal human microflora. Previously, the toxic and mutagenic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles as well as their effect on the growth and morphology of the microflora were extensively investigated. However, the studies related to the variability of microbial pathogenicity factors induced by iron oxide nanoparticles are very limited. Meanwhile, this characteristic of microbes is genetically determined and is important for their survival and distribution in the human body. Therefore, pathogenicity factors are significant indicators of the experimental studies. In this work, the effect of the presence of Fe2O3 nanoparticles obtained by laser target evaporation (LTE) on selected enzymes that demonstrate invasion and aggression factors was evaluated for three reference strains of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. It was found that the presence of LTE Fe2O3 nanoparticles supplied in the form of water-based suspensions does not induce changes of the above-mentioned parameters
Forming Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in Few Million Years by Core Accretion
Giant planet formation process is still not completely understood. The
current most accepted paradigm, the core instability model, explains several
observed properties of the solar system's giant planets but, to date, has faced
difficulties to account for a formation time shorter than the observational
estimates of protoplanetary disks' lifetimes, especially for the cases of
Uranus and Neptune. In the context of this model, and considering a recently
proposed primordial solar system orbital structure, we performed numerical
calculations of giant planet formation. Our results show that if accreted
planetesimals follow a size distribution in which most of the mass lies in
30-100 meter sized bodies, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune may have formed
according to the nucleated instability scenario. The formation of each planet
occurs within the time constraints and they end up with core masses in good
agreement with present estimations.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, in press (Icarus
Biological Impact of γ-Fe2O3 Magnetic Nanoparticles Obtained by Laser Target Evaporation: Focus on Magnetic Biosensor Applications
The biological activity of γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), obtained by the laser target evaporation technique, was studied, with a focus on their possible use in biosensor applications. The biological effect of the MNPs was investigated in vitro on the primary cultures of human dermal fibroblasts. The effects of the MNPs contained in culture medium or MNPs already uptaken by cells were evaluated for the cases of the fibroblast’s proliferation and secretion of cytokines and collagen. For the tests related to the contribution of the constant magnetic field to the biological activity of MNPs, a magnetic system for the creation of the external magnetic field (having no commercial analogues) was designed, calibrated, and used. It was adapted to the size of standard 24-well cell culture plates. At low concentrations of MNPs, uptake by fibroblasts had stimulated their proliferation. Extracellular MNPs stimulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8)) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the presence of MNPs did not increase the collagen secretion. The exposure to the uniform constant magnetic field (H ≈ 630 or 320 Oe), oriented in the plane of the well, did not cause considerable changes in fibroblasts proliferation and secretion, regardless of presence of MNPs. Statistically significant differences were detected only in the levels of IL-8/CXCL8 release.The study was supported by the program of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (project 121032300335-1). This work was financially supported, in part, by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the RF (grant FEUZ-2020-0051) (G.Yu. Melnikov) and University of the Basque Country Research Groups Funding (grant IT1245-19) (G.V. Kurlyandskaya)
The role of the initial surface density profiles of the disc on giant planet formation: comparing with observations
In order to explain the main characteristics of the observed population of
extrasolar planets and the giant planets in the Solar System, we need to get a
clear understanding of which are the initial conditions that allowed their
formation. To this end we develop a semi-analytical model for computing
planetary systems formation based on the core instability model for the gas
accretion of the embryos and the oligarchic growth regime for the accretion of
the solid cores. With this model we explore not only different initial discs
profiles motivated by similarity solutions for viscous accretion discs, but we
also consider different initial conditions to generate a variety of planetary
systems assuming a large range of discs masses and sizes according to the last
results in protoplanetary discs observations. We form a large population of
planetary systems in order to explore the effects in the formation of assuming
different discs and also the effects of type I and II regimes of planetary
migration, which were found to play fundamental role in reproducing the
distribution of observed exoplanets. Our results show that the observed
population of exoplanets and the giant planets in the Solar System are well
represented when considering a surface density profile with a power law in the
inner part characterized by an exponent of -1, which represents a softer
profile when compared with the case most similar to the MMSN model case.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, MNRAS, 412, 211
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