Origin of the different electronic structure of Rh- and Ru-doped Sr2IrO4

One way to induce insulator to metal transitions in the spin-orbit Mott insulator Sr2IrO4 is to substitute iridium with transition metals (Ru, Rh). However, this creates intriguing inhomogeneous metallic states, which cannot be described by a simple doping effect. We detail the electronic structure of the Ru-doped case with angle-resolved photoemission and show that, contrary to Rh, it cannot be connected to the undoped case by a rigid shift. We further identify bands below $E_F$ coexisting with the metallic ones that we assign to non-bonding Ir sites. We rationalize the differences between Rh and Ru by a different hybridization with oxygen, which mediates the coupling to Ir and sensitively affects the effective doping. We argue that the spin-orbit coupling does not control neither the charge transfer nor the transition threshold

A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches.This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.Peer reviewe

Phenome-wide association analysis of LDL-cholesterol lowering genetic variants in PCSK9

Abstract: Background: We characterised the phenotypic consequence of genetic variation at the PCSK9 locus and compared findings with recent trials of pharmacological inhibitors of PCSK9. Methods: Published and individual participant level data (300,000+ participants) were combined to construct a weighted PCSK9 gene-centric score (GS). Seventeen randomized placebo controlled PCSK9 inhibitor trials were included, providing data on 79,578 participants. Results were scaled to a one mmol/L lower LDL-C concentration. Results: The PCSK9 GS (comprising 4 SNPs) associations with plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels were consistent in direction with treatment effects. The GS odds ratio (OR) for myocardial infarction (MI) was 0.53 (95% CI 0.42; 0.68), compared to a PCSK9 inhibitor effect of 0.90 (95% CI 0.86; 0.93). For ischemic stroke ORs were 0.84 (95% CI 0.57; 1.22) for the GS, compared to 0.85 (95% CI 0.78; 0.93) in the drug trials. ORs with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were 1.29 (95% CI 1.11; 1.50) for the GS, as compared to 1.00 (95% CI 0.96; 1.04) for incident T2DM in PCSK9 inhibitor trials. No genetic associations were observed for cancer, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or Alzheimer’s disease – outcomes for which large-scale trial data were unavailable. Conclusions: Genetic variation at the PCSK9 locus recapitulates the effects of therapeutic inhibition of PCSK9 on major blood lipid fractions and MI. While indicating an increased risk of T2DM, no other possible safety concerns were shown; although precision was moderate

The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes

The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of heritability. To test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole genome sequencing in 2,657 Europeans with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in a total of 12,940 subjects from five ancestral groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support a major role for lower-frequency variants in predisposition to type 2 diabetes

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Etude des cas graves de paludisme importés à la Réunion de 2000 à 2011 (expérience des services de réanimation)

BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Dynamique de la pauvreté en Haïti et ses déterminants

ABSTRACT: Haïti, classée 153e/177, appartient au groupe des pays les plus sous-développés au monde (PNUD 2005). Ainsi, ce pays est parmi ceux appelés à bénéficier des programmes de réduction de la pauvreté dans le cadre des « Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement ». A cet effet, chaque pays dont Haïti, doit rédiger son « Document stratégique de réduction de la pauvreté ». Pourtant, les études sur la pauvreté en Haïti sont encore très peu nombreuses et l’aspect dynamique du phénomène reste encore à explorer. Ce papier vise à étudier la dynamique de la pauvreté entre 1986/1987 et 1999/2000 et mettre en évidence les déterminants de la pauvreté observée. Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé les données de deux enquêtes ménages, la classe d’indices décomposables FGT et les tests de dominance stochastique afin de tester la robustesse des changements de pauvreté dans le temps. Les résultats montrent une baisse importante de la pauvreté tant au niveau national que sur le plan sectoriel. Concernant les déterminants de la pauvreté, les résultats révèlent que le milieu de résidence et l’appartenance à une catégorie socioprofessionnelle constituent les deux principaux facteurs influençant la pauvreté.Haïti, Pauvreté, dynamique, déterminants

Pauvreté, croissance et redistribution en Haïti

ABSTRACT: Considérant sa situation en terme de pauvreté, Haïti figure parmi les pays bénéficiant des programmes des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD). Quelques études ont en effet montré ces dernières années, qu’Haïti était un pays pauvre et très inégalitaire. Cependant, ces travaux présentent la particularité commune de traiter la pauvreté indépendamment de l’inégalité. Or, certains auteurs ont montré que l’inégalité était susceptible d’aggraver la pauvreté, même en situation de croissance économique. Aussi, la décomposition de la variation de la pauvreté en composantes croissance et inégalité reste un aspect inexploré en Haïti. En effet, la situation de pauvreté en Haïti s’explique-t-elle par un déficit de croissance ou par une forte inégalité dans la distribution des revenus? L’objectif de cet article est précisément de décomposer la variation de la pauvreté haïtienne en composantes croissance et inégalité entre 1986/1987 et 1999/2000. Nous montrons qu’en Haïti la variation de la pauvreté est due, en général, aux effets favorables de la composante « croissance » et aux effets défavorables de la composante « inégalité ».décomposition, pauvreté, croissance, inégalité, Haïti, Shapley.

Origin of the different electronic structure of Rh- and Ru-doped Sr2IrO4

International audienceOne way to induce insulator-to-metal transitions in the spin-orbit Mott insulator Sr 2 IrO 4 is to substitute iridium with transition metals (Ru, Rh). However, this creates intriguing inhomogeneous metallic states, which cannot be described by a simple doping effect. We detail the electronic structure of the Ru-doped case with angle-resolved photoemission and show that, in contrast to Rh, it cannot be connected to the undoped case by a rigid shift. We further identify bands below E F coexisting with the metallic ones that we assign to nonbonding Ir sites. We rationalize the differences between Rh and Ru by a different hybridization with oxygen, which mediates the coupling to Ir and sensitively affects the effective doping. We argue that the spin-orbit coupling does not control either the charge transfer or the transition threshold

Petit guide des architectures en pisé à Lyon

International audienceLa ville de Lyon est classée "Patrimoine de l'humanité", pourtant cette appellation ne recouvre nullement un patrimoine méconnu et très menacé, les constructions en pisé de terre. De fait, l'agglomération lyonnaise est sans doute l'une des rares villes en Europe à concentrer une telle proportion de " pisé urbain ". Ce sont des bâtiments, parfois de grande hauteur, construits au centre comme en périphérie, selon une tradition ancienne jusqu'au début du 20ème siècle. Le fait que l'un des plus importants théoriciens historiques, François Cointereau (1740-1830), soit originaire de cette cité, dans laquelle il a largement expérimenté ses propositions, n'est sans doute pas anodi