Knee arthroplasty in the elderly

Background: One of the many problems related to geriatric patients are degenerative changes in joints. In this article authors discuss about the knee joint endoprosthesis. During preparations of this publishment special attention was paid to the following aspects: role and the meaning of preventing actions, explanation the clue and main goal of the surgery intervention, and it’s simplified course. Subsequently there are short description of the knee joint with its most relevant to the fallowing subject structures. Furthermore the quantity of respective surgical procedure was given to approximate the scale of subject. Next paragraphs explaining why endoprothesis is the best way for dealing with this kind of problems, and the significance of the physiotherapist in whole process both before, and after surgery. Materials and methods: Analysis of available literature and articles in PubMed, ResearchGate and other scientific platforms related to discussed subject, using words: geriatrics, endoprothesis, knee arthroplasty, knee joint. Results: Gonarthrosis is a significant social problem. Endoprosthesis plastic surgery is performed on those patients who struggle badly in activities of daily living because of advanced articulations disorders. The main diagnoses underlying the primary knee replacement were primary bilateral gonarthrosis and other primary gonarthrosis accounted. The analysis of sources devoted to these issues includes people after 65 years old (mostly women) which occurs a low level of physical activity, the burden of metabolic disease such as diabetes (type 2). Authors demonstrated a correlation between excessive body weight, and insufficient production of synovial fluid, it’s damage and in the final phase lost which is a direct reason for pain. The following thesis was proven based on the source material: thanks to arthroplasty the patients quality of life as improved by around 90 percent. When the physiotherapist is involved in the whole process, both in the pre- and post-surgery phase it is possible to obtain much better therapeutic effects. Conclusions: Knee arthroplasty can help restore independence to patients in their daily activities. The introduction of artificial foreign bodies into the pond to replace the damaged leads to an improvement in the quality of life of sick patients. The introduction of intensive rehabilitation, patient education and pharmacological treatment after arthroplasty allows for reduction of pain and faster recovery. There are many types of rehabilitation after knee replacement surgery, so the therapy plan has to be adapted to the individual patient

Dark Matter and Fundamental Physics with the Cherenkov Telescope Array

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a project for a next-generation observatory for very high energy (GeV-TeV) ground-based gamma-ray astronomy, currently in its design phase, and foreseen to be operative a few years from now. Several tens of telescopes of 2-3 different sizes, distributed over a large area, will allow for a sensitivity about a factor 10 better than current instruments such as H.E.S.S, MAGIC and VERITAS, an energy coverage from a few tens of GeV to several tens of TeV, and a field of view of up to 10 deg. In the following study, we investigate the prospects for CTA to study several science questions that influence our current knowledge of fundamental physics. Based on conservative assumptions for the performance of the different CTA telescope configurations, we employ a Monte Carlo based approach to evaluate the prospects for detection. First, we discuss CTA prospects for cold dark matter searches, following different observational strategies: in dwarf satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, in the region close to the Galactic Centre, and in clusters of galaxies. The possible search for spatial signatures, facilitated by the larger field of view of CTA, is also discussed. Next we consider searches for axion-like particles which, besides being possible candidates for dark matter may also explain the unexpectedly low absorption by extragalactic background light of gamma rays from very distant blazars. Simulated light-curves of flaring sources are also used to determine the sensitivity to violations of Lorentz Invariance by detection of the possible delay between the arrival times of photons at different energies. Finally, we mention searches for other exotic physics with CTA.Comment: (31 pages, Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies

Aims: We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods: We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results: Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. Conclusions: The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.Fil: Aleksic, J.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Ansoldi, S.. Università di Udine; ItaliaFil: Antonelli, L. A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Antoranz, P.. Università di Siena; ItaliaFil: Babic, A.. University of Rijeka; CroaciaFil: Bangale, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Barres de Almeida, U.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Barrio, J. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Becerra Gonzalez, J.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Bednarek, W.. University of Lodz; PoloniaFil: Berger, K.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Bernardini, E.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); AlemaniaFil: Bijand, A.. ETH Zurich; SuizaFil: Blanch, O.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Bock, R. K.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Bonnefoy, S.. Universidad Complutense; EspañaFil: Bonnoli, G.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Borracci, F.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Bretz, T.. Universität Würzburg,; AlemaniaFil: Carmona, E.. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas; EspañaFil: Carosi, A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; EspañaFil: Carreto Fidalgo, D.. Universität Würzburg; AlemaniaFil: Colin, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Colombo, E.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Contreras, J. L.. Universidad Complutense; EspañaFil: Cortina, J.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Covino, S.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Pichel, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Rovero, Adrian Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: The Magic Collaboration.Fil: The Veritas Collaboration

Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010

Context. Because of its proximity, Mrk 421 is one of the best sources on which to study the nature of BL Lac objects. Its proximity allows us to characterize its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED). Aims. The goal is to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the broadband emission and the temporal evolution of Mrk 421. These mechanisms may also apply to more distant blazars that cannot be studied with the same level of detail. Methods. A flare occurring in March 2010 was observed for 13 consecutive days (from MJD 55 265 to MJD 55 277) with unprecedented wavelength coverage from radio to very high energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-rays with MAGIC, VERITAS, Whipple, Fermi-LAT, MAXI, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and several optical and radio telescopes. We modeled the day-scale SEDs with one-zone and two-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, investigated the physical parameters, and evaluated whether the observed broadband SED variability can be associated with variations in the relativistic particle population. Results. The activity of Mrk 421 initially was high and then slowly decreased during the 13-day period. The flux variability was remarkable at the X-ray and VHE bands, but it was minor or not significant at the other bands. The variability in optical polarization was also minor. These observations revealed an almost linear correlation between the X-ray flux at the 2–10 keV band and the VHE γ-ray flux above 200 GeV, consistent with the γ-rays being produced by inverse-Compton scattering in the Klein-Nishina regime in the framework of SSC models. The one-zone SSC model can describe the SED of each day for the 13 consecutive days reasonably well, which once more shows the success of this standard theoretical scenario to describe the SEDs of VHE BL Lacs such as Mrk 421. This flaring activity is also very well described by a two-zone SSC model, where one zone is responsible for the quiescent emission, while the other smaller zone, which is spatially separated from the first, contributes to the daily variable emission occurring at X-rays and VHE γ-rays. The second blob is assumed to have a smaller volume and a narrow electron energy distribution with 3 × 104<γ< 6 × 105, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the electrons. Such a two-zone scenario would naturally lead to the correlated variability at the X-ray and VHE bands without variability at the optical/UV band, as well as to shorter timescales for the variability at the X-ray and VHE bands with respect to the variability at the other bands. Conclusions. Both the one-zone and the two-zone SSC models can describe the daily SEDs via the variation of only four or five model parameters, under the hypothesis that the variability is associated mostly with the underlying particle population. This shows that the particle acceleration and cooling mechanism that produces the radiating particles might be the main mechanism responsible for the broadband SED variations during the flaring episodes in blazars. The two-zone SSC model provides a better agreement with the observed SED at the narrow peaks of the low- and high-energy bumps during the highest activity, although the reported one-zone SSC model could be further improved by varying the parameters related to the emitting region itself (δ, B and R), in addition to the parameters related to the particle population.Fil: Aleksic, J.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Ansoldi, S.. Università di Udine; ItaliaFil: Antonelli, L. A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Antoranz, P.. Università di Siena; ItaliaFil: Babic, A.. University of Rijeka; CroaciaFil: Bangale, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Barres de Almeida, U.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Barrio, J. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Becerra Gonzalez, J.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Bednarek, W.. University of Łódź,; PoloniaFil: Bernardini, E.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); AlemaniaFil: Biasuzzi, B.. Università di Udine; ItaliaFil: Biland, A.. ETH Zurich; SuizaFil: Blanch, O.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Boller, A.. ETH Zurich; SuizaFil: Bonnefoy, S.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Bonnoli, G.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics ; ItaliaFil: Borracci, F.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Bretz, T.. Universität Würzburg ; AlemaniaFil: Carmona, E.. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas ; EspañaFil: Carosi, A.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Colin, P.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Colombo, E.. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias; EspañaFil: Contreras, J. L.. Universidad Complutense; EspañaFil: Cortina, J.. IFAE; EspañaFil: Covino, S.. INAF National Institute for Astrophysics; ItaliaFil: Da Vela, P.. Università di Siena; ItaliaFil: Dazzi, F.. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik; AlemaniaFil: Pichel, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Rovero, Adrian Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: The Veritas Collaboration.Fil: The MAGIC Collaboration

MAGIC and H.E.S.S. detect VHE gamma rays from the blazar OT081 for the first time: a deep multiwavelength study

https://pos.sissa.it/395/815/pdfPublished versio

2D platformer game development in Unity

Tema ovog rada je izrada vlastite računalne igre koja spada u žanr 2D platformera u programskom alatu Unity. U uvodu ću opisati vlastitu motivaciju, mišljenje i iskustvo prema računalnim igricama. Ukratko ću opisati alat Unity, njegovu povijest i njegove mogućnosti. Nakon toga slijedi opis igre. U opisu igre ću prvo objasniti žanr 2D platformer, njegovu povijest i trenutnu popularnost na primjeru. Nakon opisa žanra slijedi opis žanra koji ja namjeravam izraditi te detaljan opis igre njena pravila i mogućnosti. U sljedećem poglavlju ću se isključivo usredotočiti na izradu same igre. Prikazat ću detaljne postupke izrade same igre zajedno sa slikama i linijama koda uz dodatna pojašnjenja. Bit će objašnjeni postupci koji su me doveli do određenog rješenja kao i razlozi, dodatni prijedlozi poboljšanja. U zaključku ću opisati vlastito iskustvo i mišljenje pri izradi igre kao i prema alatu Unity

2D platformer game development in Unity

Tema ovog rada je izrada vlastite računalne igre koja spada u žanr 2D platformera u programskom alatu Unity. U uvodu ću opisati vlastitu motivaciju, mišljenje i iskustvo prema računalnim igricama. Ukratko ću opisati alat Unity, njegovu povijest i njegove mogućnosti. Nakon toga slijedi opis igre. U opisu igre ću prvo objasniti žanr 2D platformer, njegovu povijest i trenutnu popularnost na primjeru. Nakon opisa žanra slijedi opis žanra koji ja namjeravam izraditi te detaljan opis igre njena pravila i mogućnosti. U sljedećem poglavlju ću se isključivo usredotočiti na izradu same igre. Prikazat ću detaljne postupke izrade same igre zajedno sa slikama i linijama koda uz dodatna pojašnjenja. Bit će objašnjeni postupci koji su me doveli do određenog rješenja kao i razlozi, dodatni prijedlozi poboljšanja. U zaključku ću opisati vlastito iskustvo i mišljenje pri izradi igre kao i prema alatu Unity

2D platformer game development in Unity

Tema ovog rada je izrada vlastite računalne igre koja spada u žanr 2D platformera u programskom alatu Unity. U uvodu ću opisati vlastitu motivaciju, mišljenje i iskustvo prema računalnim igricama. Ukratko ću opisati alat Unity, njegovu povijest i njegove mogućnosti. Nakon toga slijedi opis igre. U opisu igre ću prvo objasniti žanr 2D platformer, njegovu povijest i trenutnu popularnost na primjeru. Nakon opisa žanra slijedi opis žanra koji ja namjeravam izraditi te detaljan opis igre njena pravila i mogućnosti. U sljedećem poglavlju ću se isključivo usredotočiti na izradu same igre. Prikazat ću detaljne postupke izrade same igre zajedno sa slikama i linijama koda uz dodatna pojašnjenja. Bit će objašnjeni postupci koji su me doveli do određenog rješenja kao i razlozi, dodatni prijedlozi poboljšanja. U zaključku ću opisati vlastito iskustvo i mišljenje pri izradi igre kao i prema alatu Unity