252 research outputs found

    The status of the ANTARES experiment

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    ANTARES is a neutrino telescope designed to search for high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources such as quasars, gamma-ray bursters, microquasars, supernova remnants and AGN. The objectives also include the indirect search for WIMPs, primary candidates for non-baryonic dark matter, by looking for neutrinos from neutralino annihilations in the centres of the Sun, Earth and Galaxy. The array of 12 lines with 900 photomultiplier tubes will be deployed by 2007 at a depth of about 2500 m in the Mediterranean sea near Toulon (France), 40 km off the coast. It will detect the Cherenkov light emitted in sea water by muons produced via charged-current interactions of neutrinos with surrounding matter. A prototype line and an instrumentation line for monitoring environmental parameters have been successfully deployed and connected to the electro-optical cable, which transmitted the data to the shore station. The current status of the project is presented.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures. To appear in the Proc. Cosmic Ray International Seminar CRIS 2004, Catania, Italy, May 31 - June 4, 200

    Neutrino Telescopy in the Mediterranean Sea

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    The observation of high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos is one of the most promising future options to increase our knowledge on non-thermal processes in the universe. Neutrinos are e.g. unavoidably produced in environments where high-energy hadrons collide; in particular this almost certainly must be true in the astrophysical accelerators of cosmic rays, which thus could be identified unambiguously by sky observations in "neutrino light". On the one hand, neutrinos are ideal messengers for astrophysical observations since they are not deflected by electromagnetic fields and interact so weakly that they are able to escape even from very dense production regions and traverse large distances in the universe without attenuation. On the other hand, their weak interaction poses a significant problem for detecting neutrinos. Huge target masses up to gigatons must be employed, requiring to instrument natural abundances of media such as sea water or antarctic ice. The first generation of such neutrino telescopes is taking data or will do so in the near future, while the second-generation projects with cubic-kilometre size is under construction or being prepared. This report focuses on status and prospects of current (ANTARES, NEMO, NESTOR) and future (KM3NeT) neutrino telescope projects in the Mediterranean Sea.Comment: Presented at 27th Int. School on Nucl. Phys. (Neutrinos in Cosmology, in Astro, Particle and Nuclear Physics), Erice/Italy, Sept. 2005; 8 pages, 7 figures. To appear in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. V2,V3: fixed incompatibilities of postscript figures with the arXiv softwar

    ΠšΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π° - скрипта

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    Π‘ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° ,,ΠšΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π°β€ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π° првСнствСно Π½Π° студСнтитС Π½Π° студиската ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ° - магистСр ΠΏΠΎ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠšΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π€Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° мСдицински Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π° Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ,,Π“ΠΎΡ†Π΅ ДСлчСв” Π²ΠΎ Π¨Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ. ВСкстот Π΅ прСтставСн Π²ΠΎ согласност со наставниот ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ Π½Π° студСнтитС Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π» ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ полСсно ΠΈ поинтСрСсно. Π‘ΠΎ помош Π½Π° овој тСкст студСнтитС ќС сС Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π°Ρ‚ со ΠΏΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ†Π΅Π» ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈ, Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ соврСмСниот ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ здравствСн систСм. Оваа скрипта ќС ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° студСнтитС Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ своитС знаСња Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ со висок ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π» Π·Π° појава Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ со Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ПосСбно Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ посвСтСно Π½Π° нСсаканитС Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ А ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ Π‘, Π½Π°Ρ˜Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅, ΡƒΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈ слСдСњС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ со систСмот Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° нСсакани Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. Π’ΠΎ тСкстот сС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ областа Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π° сС Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊ опсСг Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ случаи. Π‘Ρ‚ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ со основнитС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ со Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ Π΄Π° сС постигнС ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ однос ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ“Ρƒ Ρ†Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° фармацСвтскитС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ° зСмајќи Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ врСдности Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ставаат β€žΠ·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²Ρ˜Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ Скономскиот Π±Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ‚β€œ. ЀармакоСкономскитС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ сС користат Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, осигуритСлнитС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° здравствСнитС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΠΊΠ° Π·Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π°. ПосСбно поглавјС Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΅ посвСтСно Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° лабораторискитС Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ°, Π²ΠΎ тСкстот сС прСтставСни ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ спСцифични ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ (Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π°, стари, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‡ΠΈΡšΠ°...), ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ кај Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ со ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π³/Ρ†Ρ€Π½ Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±

    Antibiotic Consumption in Hospitalized Children at the University Clinic for Pediatric Diseases – Skopje

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    BACKGROUND: The misuse and overuse of antibiotics contribute to the development of antimicrobial residence. Official data in EU/ EEA in 2017 in the hospital sector suggested that the consumption is lowest in the Netherlands, with 1 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants/day in comparison with Finland, with 2.8 DDD/TID. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze data on the scope and structure of the antibiotic prescription in pediatric patients at University Children’s Hospital for period of 3 months in 2018 and 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data for antibiotic consumption were obtained from a hospital pharmacy, which are ordinated to hospitalized patients. RESULTS: The total amount of utilized antibacterial drugs with ATC code J01 for first quarter in 2018 is 33.65 DDD/100BD in comparison to the first quarter of 2019 when it declined to 32.09 DDD/100BD. The most consummated antibiotics in the first trimester of both years were the group of cephalosporins, especially the 3rd- and 4th-generation parenteral cephalosporins with from 16.96 to 19.25 DDD/100BD in the evaluated period. Decrease of penicillin’s, carbapenems, macrolides and quinolones were confirmed in the analyzed period. The most commonly used drugs remain ceftriaxone – 13.49 DDD/100BD in 2018 and increased to 14.41 DDD/100BD in 2019, followed by amikacin 3.21 DDD/100BD in 2018 and increased to 3.50 DDD/100BD in 2019 but azithromycin consumption significantly declined from 1.97 DDD/100BD to 0.81 DDD/100BD administered orally. The third most commonly utilized antibiotic in first quarter of 2019 become meropenem, antimicrobial drug from the group of carbapenems with 2.71 DDD/100BD. CONCLUSION: The benefits of monitoring the antibiotic prescribed pattern are critical due to the fact that they provide adequate data on consumption of antibiotics and adherence to guidelines
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