Three Neutrino Flavors are Enough

It is shown that it is possible to account for all three experimental indications for neutrino oscillations with just three neutrino flavors. In particular, we suggest that the solar and atmospheric neutrino anomalies are to be explained by the same mass difference and mixing. Possible implications and future tests of the resulting mass-mixing pattern are given.Comment: 15 pages, LATEX format. 5 figures. Replaced 1 figure and corrected typographical error

Exile Vol. XXVII No. 1

ANDY ACKER: Four Lane Breakfast 30 MIKE AUGUSTA: The Store 25-27 J. L. FREEMAN: Bobbie 22 Poem 33 JENNIFER E. GARDNER: Photo 3 Deeds Field 9 Photo 21 Photo 23 Photo 24 LAURA GILBERT: Photo 13 Photo 28 Photo 29 Photo 31 Photo 36 KATE GLAZER: Drawing 14 MICHAEL HEINLIN: Reflections 19 DAVE HOGSHIRE: The Life And Times Of General Worm 29 CHAD HUSSEY: Waiting for Anne Sexton 13 JOHN WHITWORTH KROPF: Friends in the Park 30 DANE LAVIN: Story 4-8 LISA LAWRENCE: Poem 17 The Man With The Red Hat 15 JAMES LUNDY: Bonds 10 Photo 30 Photo 34 Twisted Ulna 11 LISA MEAD: Resistance 9 LISA MINACCI: The Drop 33 A. PENCE: The Minstrels 1 Mussels 33 PENELOPE A. RISEBOROUGH: Poem 2 Regent Street Mannequins 2 RICK RORICK: Photo 18 A. K. SESSIONS Nervious Tension 10 SUZIE SNYDER: Photo 16 L. S. VIOLA: Trash Can JOHN ZARCHEN: In Autumn 20 ANONYMOUS: Untitled Article 32 Sandymount Strand 35 Cover drawing by Kate Glaze

Online insomnia treatment-a review

Spiegelhalder K, Acker J, Baumeister H, et al. Digitale Behandlungsangebote für Insomnie – eine Übersichtsarbeit. SOMNOLOGIE. 2020;24(4):106-114.Zusammenfassung Digital angebotene psychologische Interventionen gegen Schlafstörungen sind aktuell ein sehr intensiv bearbeitetes Forschungsthema. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden Originalarbeiten und Metaanalysen zu diesem Thema zusammengefasst. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass die internetbasierte kognitive Verhaltenstherapie für Insomnie (KVT-I) bei Erwachsenen durchweg sehr effektiv ist mit allenfalls leicht geringeren Effektstärken als die gleiche Behandlung mit physischer Präsenz von Therapeuten und Patienten. Behandlungseffekte zeigen sich dabei auch für sekundäre Outcome-Parameter wie Depressivität, Angst, Fatigue und Lebensqualität. Hingegen lassen die Forschung zur Wirksamkeit der internetbasierten KVT‑I bei Erwachsenen mit komorbiden psychischen Störungen oder körperlichen Erkrankungen sowie die Forschung zur Frage, wieviel Therapeutenkontakt in die Behandlung integriert werden sollte, anscheinend noch keine abschließenden Antworten zu. In diesen Bereichen scheint weitere Forschung notwendig zu sein scheint.Digitally provided psychological interventions for sleep disorders are currently a very intensively researched topic. In this review, original work and meta-analyses are summarized. Thus, it was shown that internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in adults is consistently very effective, with only slightly reduced effects compared with the same treatment with the physical presence of therapists and patients. Treatment effects are also shown for secondary outcome parameters such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, and quality of life. On the other hand, research on the effectiveness of internet-based CGT-I in adults with comorbid mental disorders or physical illnesses, and on the issue of how much contact with therapists should be integrated into treatment, does not seem to provide any conclusive answers. Further research seems to be needed in these areas

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

The Tonsil Lymphocyte Landscape in Pediatric Tonsil Hyperplasia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Tonsil hyperplasia is the most common cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Despite the growing knowledge in tissue immunology of tonsils, the immunopathology driving tonsil hyperplasia and OSA remains unknown. Here we used multi-parametric flow cytometry to analyze the composition and phenotype of tonsillar innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), T cells, and B cells from pediatric patients with OSA, who had previous polysomnography. Unbiased clustering analysis was used to delineate and compare lymphocyte heterogeneity between two patient groups: children with small tonsils and moderate OSA (n = 6) or large tonsils and very severe OSA (n = 13). We detected disturbed ILC and B cell proportions in patients with large tonsils, characterized by an increase in the frequency of naive CD27(-)CD21(hi) B cells and a relative reduction of ILCs. The enrichment of naive B cells was not commensurate with elevated Ki67 expression, suggesting defective differentiation and/or migration rather than cellular proliferation to be the causative mechanism. Finally, yet importantly, we provide the flow cytometry data to be used as a resource for additional translational studies aimed at investigating the immunological mechanisms of pediatric tonsil hyperplasia and OSA.De två första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet.De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet.</p

Surface planarization of Cu and CuNiSn Micro-bumps embedded in polymer for below 20μm pitch 3DIC applications

Planarization techniques such as Surface planer (better known as Fly-cut) and chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) can be used to improve the bump roughness and bump height uniformity within the die and wafer which can be beneficial for solder based bump stacking and Cu-Cu direct bonding [1]. In this paper the influence of both planarization techniques on 20μm pitch Cu and CuNiSn bumps embedded in polymer are studied. The polymer protects the bumps from the shearing force of the planarization process and will later serve as a underfill material for the resulting gap of a 3D stack. The microbump planarization process will be discussed. Furthermore characterization of the bump height uniformity across the wafer using SEM and High Resolution Profilometry (HRP) is reported