Apoyo social y diversidad generacional: el potencial de la LSNS-6

Neste artigo, procurámos aprofundar o conhecimento do apoio social da população de uma comunidade local através de um estudo quantitativo em que se procurou saber de que forma o apoio social varia em função de subgrupos etários e como se encontra relacionado com variáveis sociodemográficas chave. A amostra envolveu 385 pessoas da freguesia do Bonfim, da cidade do Porto, distribuídos por três grupos etários: jovens e adultos jovens (n=165), adultos de meia-idade (n=110) e idosos (n=110). O teste de hipóteses permitiu-nos concluir que a idade é, por si, um fator de risco social, mas também que o mesmo se encontra associado às seguintes características: ser mulher, ter baixos níveis de escolaridade, baixos rendimentos, estar desempregado/a ou reformado/a. A informação e conhecimento emergentes deste estudo permite organizar estratégias de intervenção social, nomeadamente através da planificação de Programas Intergeracionais, enquanto ferramenta para alargar e solidificar redes sociais vinculantes, contribuindo para o bem-estar, a qualidade de vida e a integração social não só dos adultos idosos mas também das diferentes gerações e dos grupos de risco potencial. O aspeto inovador deste estudo consistiu na validação e utilização da Escala Breve de Redes Sociais de Lubben (LSNS-6) – originalmente construída para o grupo dos adultos idosos – a todos os grupos etários.This article aims to deepen the knowledge of the social support of a local community population through a quantitative study in which the authors sought to know how social support varies depending on age subgroups, and how it is related to key socio-demographic variables. The sample comprised 385 subjects from the parish of Bonfim in the city of Porto, divided into three age groups: youth and young adults (n=165), middle-aged adults (n=110) and elderly adults (n=110). The statistical analyses allowed us to conclude that age is in itself a risk factor, but it is also significantly associated with the following characteristics: being a woman, having low levels of education, low income, living alone or institutionalized, being a widow, being divorced/separated, being unemployed or retired. The knowledge and information resulting from this study is an important contribution to the organization of social intervention strategies, namely through Intergenerational Programs that could be seen as a planning tool to expand and strengthen binding social networks, contributing to the well-being, quality of life and social integration not only of the elderly, but also of different generations and groups identified as being potentially at risk. The innovative aspect of this study was the validation of the abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Saclae (LSNS-6) – originally developed for the elderly group – for all age groups.Este artículo tiene por objetivo profundizar en el conocimiento del apoyo social de una comunidad local a través de un estudio cuantitativo en el que los autores buscan conocer cómo el apoyo social varía dependiendo de subgrupos de edad, y cómo se relaciona con variables socio-demográficas clave. La muestra comprendía 385 individuos pertenecientes a la freguesía de Bonfim de la ciudad de Oporto, divididos en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes y adultos jóvenes (n=165), adultos de mediana edad (n=110) y mayores (n=110). El análisis estadístico nos permitió concluir que la edad es en sí misma un factor de riesgo, pero también se asocia de manera significativa con las siguientes características: con el hecho de ser mujer, de tener un nivel educativo bajo, bajos ingresos, vivir solo, ser viuda, estar separado o divorciado, estar desempleado o jubilado. El conocimiento y la información resultantes de este estudio suponen una importante contribución a la organización de las estrategias de intervención social, especialmente a través de Programas Intergeneracionales que pueden verse como instrumento de planificación para ampliar y fortalecer las relaciones en las redes sociales, contribuyendo al bienestar, calidad de vida e integración social no sólo de los mayores, sino también de diferentes generaciones y grupos identificados como potencialmente en riesgo. El aspecto innovador de este estudio consistió en la validación de la Escala Breve de Redes Sociales de Lubben (LSNS-6) – desarrollada en su origen para el grupo de mayores – para todos los grupos de edad.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Habitual physical activity (HPA) as a factor in sustained executive function in Alzheimer-type dementia: a cohort study

Evidence from studies on healthy older adults and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) populations suggests that physical activity interventions have a positive effect on executive function. In this study, we consider whether HPA is positively associated with executive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Eighty-two participants with a diagnosis of mild to moderate AD completed six measures of executive function. Objective measures of physical status were taken. In addition, informants completed questionnaires on the participants’ HPA and other lifestyle factors. A composite measure of executive function was the primary outcome. A multistage multiple regression was used to determine how much variance HPA accounted for. The final model comprised disease severity, cognitive reserve, cognitive activities, neuropsychiatric status and HPA status. The final model accounted for a total of 57% of the variance of executive performance, of which HPA itself accounted for 8% of the variance. HPA status is associated executive performance in an AD population even after controlling for key covariates. The findings encourage clinicians to recommend HPA and its cognitive benefits to AD patients and their carers

Exploring the Prevalence of Social Isolation in Students at a Christian College in West Texas

The concept known as “social isolation” is a problem that affects many people, but there are certain populations that do not have adequate research performed on them. Specifically, college students face a risk of social isolation that is detrimental to their well-being and academic success, and there is a gap in the literature about this relationship. This study explored the prevalence of social isolation in college students at a Christian college in West Texas and examined various factors to determine whether any protective factors or at-risk factors existed. An online survey was sent out that used 11 demographic factor questions and a 6-instrument scale called the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6). The survey had 214 participants. The study also tested the LSNS-6 and its validity to be used with college students. The findings indicated that social isolation prevalence in college students is 8.4% and that there are three protective factors and at- risk factors that influence the risk for social isolation. The study also found the LSNS-6 to be valid when used with college students. The protective factors are being White, Christian, and heterosexual, and the at-risk factors are being female, being a freshman, and having a GPA of 2.6 or lower. This study provides more understanding into how social isolation operates and helps to facilitate future research to examine social isolation and college students

Lubben Social Network Scale – 6 (Lsns-6). Outcomes measurement tool: relationships – social networks / peer relationships.

Assesses the social networks surrounding the individual including family and friendships. The Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS) is a brief instrument designed to gauge social isolation in older adults by measuring perceived social support received by family and friends which typically takes 5 to 10 minutes to complete. It consists of an equally weighted sum of 10 items used to measure size, closeness and frequency of contacts of a respondent’s social network. It was originally developed in 1988 and was revised in 2002 (LSNS-R) along with an abbreviated version (LSNS-6) and an expanded version (LSNS-18). These versions have been developed in order to meet clinician’s needs for brevity (LSNS-6) and the expanded version (LSNS-18) for basic social and health science research oriented purposes

Versão Portuguesa da Escala Breve de Redes Sociais de Lubben (LSNS-6)

A avaliação das redes sociais na investigação e prática gerontológica requer o uso de instrumentos válidos e eficazes que sejam simples, concisos e de fácil aplicação na população idosa. A Escala de Redes Sociais de Lubben (LSNS) é um dos instrumentos mais utilizados para avaliar a integração social e o risco de isolamento social em idosos residentes na comunidade. Este artigo debruça-se sobre a tradução e validação da versão abreviada da escala (LSNS-6) para o Português Europeu e expõe as suas principais características psicométricas

Social isolation and its psychosocial factors in mild lockdown for the COVID-19 pandemic : a cross-sectional survey of the Japanese population

Objective This study investigated the sociodemographic, behavioural and psychological characteristics of socially isolated individuals during the ‘mild lockdown’ period of COVID-19 in Japan. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting The seven prefectures where the emergency declaration was first applied in Japan. Participants We collected data on 11 333 individuals (52.4% women, 46.3±14.6 years) living in the seven prefectures where the emergency declaration was first applied. The online survey was performed between 11 May and 12 May 2020, in the final phase of the state of emergency. Primary outcome measures Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) Results We found that male sex (95% CI 1.60 to 1.98), middle age (95% CI 1.55 to 1.93) and lower income (eg, annual household income <2.0 million: 95% CI 2.29 to 3.54) predicted social isolation; being a student was a protective factor against social isolation (95% CI 0.26 to 0.62). In the comparisons of each item of the LSNS-6 by sociodemographic characteristics, men were more likely to have fewer people to talk to about their personal problems (95% CI −0.37 to −0.28) and to seek help from (95% CI −0.39 to −0.30), and the middle-aged group had a lower social network of friends. Additionally, social isolation was associated with decreased online interaction with familiar people (95% CI −1.28 to −1.13) and decreased optimistic thinking under mild lockdown (95% CI −0.97 to −0.86). Conclusions We identified the sociodemographic and psychological characteristics associated with social isolation under mild lockdown. These results are expected to be a useful resource for identifying which groups may require intervention to improve their social interactions in order to preserve their mental health during the pandemic

Social network assessment in community-dwelling older persons: results from a study of three European populations

Background and aims: In clinical practice, the status of living alone is often used as the only measure describing an older person's social network. We evaluated whether additional use of a brief social network measure provides relevant additional information in relation to social support and engagement. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 6982 community-dwelling adults 65 years or older living in London, UK; Hamburg, Germany; and Solothurn, Switzerland. Data were collected using the self-administered multidimensional Health Risk Appraisal Questionnaire. Multivariate models were used to analyse adjusted correlations between the two measures of social network (living alone status, risk for social isolation with marginal family and friend network subscales) and potential consequences of inadequate social network (marginal emotional or instrumental support, lack of social engagement). Results: Living alone status was more strongly associated with marginal instrumental support [OR=7.6 (95% CI 6.3, 9.1)] than with marginal emotional support [OR=4.2 (95% CI 3.4, 5.1)], and showed no statistically significant association with lack of social engagement [OR=0.9 (95% CI 0.8, 1.0)]. Risk of social isolation was more strongly related to marginal emotional support [OR=6.6 (95% CI 5.4, 8.0)] than to marginal instrumental support [OR=3.3 (95% CI 2.8, 4.0)], and was moderately related to lack of social engagement [OR=2.9 (95% CI 2.5, 3.4]. Marginal family and friend network subscales showed consistent and unique associations with social support and social engagement. Conclusion: Findings suggest that living alone status and a brief measure of social network identifies distinctive at-risk groups and potential pathways for intervention. Geriatric assessment programs including both social network measures may provide useful information about potentially modifiable social network risks in older person

The Transition of Social Isolation and Related Psychological Factors in 2 Mild Lockdown Periods During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan : Longitudinal Survey Study

Background: Lockdowns and stay-at-home orders announced internationally for COVID-19 have led to physical and social distancing, with reports of many individuals experiencing social isolation (SI) and loneliness. Although the emergency declaration in Japan was declared as a “mild” lockdown requested by the government without penalties for violations, the lockdown measures, including SI, had several influences on people’s lives and mental health as in other countries. Furthermore, Japan declared a state of emergency multiple times; thus, it is necessary to examine the influence of the transition of SI caused by repeated emergency declarations and the deterioration of mental health associated with these changes. Objective: This study longitudinally investigated the transition of SI and its related factors during the mild lockdown under 2 declared states of emergency in Japan and analyzed psychosocial characteristics by extracting clusters where people with specific transition patterns of SI predominated. Methods: We collected data on 7893 inhabitants (3694 [46.8%] women, 49.6 [SD 13.7] years old) living in the 7 prefectures where the initial emergency declaration was applied. The investigations took place online in the final phase of the first and second states of emergency: phase 1 (between May 11 and 12, 2020) and phase 2 (between February 24 and 28, 2021). Nonparametric Bayesian coclustering was used to visualize the exhaustive interaction structure between the transition pattern of SI and the psychosocial variables. Results: There were no improvements in social networks and loneliness between the 2 phases, although psychological distress significantly improved and depression slightly decreased. Overall, 3868 (49%) of the 7893 participants remained socially isolated through phases 1 and 2, and 947 (12%) were socially isolated in phase 2, even though they were not socially isolated in phase 1. More participants experienced persistent SI in unmarried, childless, and low-household-income groups. The persistent-SI group had fewer cohabitants than other transition pattern groups. The nonparametric Bayesian coclustering results showed that most clusters, including participants without SI throughout phases 1 and 2, had healthy behaviors, more interactions, good relationships, and less loneliness and psychological stress. Furthermore, the cluster in which relationships deteriorated in phase 1 recovered in phase 2. Comparatively, the clusters with SI throughout phases 1 and 2 were divided into clusters with increased loneliness and psychological stress; clusters were close to participants’ average scores in this study. The clusters with increased loneliness and psychological stress were notable for deteriorating relationships and less online interaction. Conclusions: This study revealed the actual state of transition of SI and related psychological, social, and behavioral factors under repeated declarations of a state of emergency. These results should help construct intervention methods that fit individual characteristics of people in SI during a pandemic

Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study

Population aging is a worldwide trend linked to scientific developments such as vaccinations and medical advancements, including improvements in cancer treatment and a lower fertility rate than experienced by previous generations. This phenomenon is poised to instigate one of the biggest social revolutions of the twenty-first century. The consequences of an aging population affect housing, transportation, labor markets, and the demand for goods and services. It also influences interpersonal relationships, including family structures and friendships. This upward drift of improved longevity increases the possibility of developing physical and psychological ailments that can contribute to lifestyle changes and subsequently increase the probability of social isolation. Social isolation has similar adverse effects to loneliness, and the two constructs have often been studied in correlations. However, the parameters have been identified as separate, and this study explores social isolation apart from loneliness. Extensive reports have examined the effects of social isolation in association with gender, culture, and lifestyle choices, but little research is available on the impact of physical location. This qualitative phenomenological study explores the lived experience of social isolation in older adults through the lens of geographic location. The experience of social isolation is compared between rural, suburban, and urban locations. The findings suggest that geographic area may have little to do with social isolation measured in quantitative values. However, there are significant differences between themes that present themselves when discussing the lived experience and a person\u27s relationship with their geographic location