A Novice's Process of Object-Oriented Programming

Exposing students to the process of programming is merely implied but not explicitly addressed in texts on programming which appear to deal with 'program' as a noun rather than as a verb.We present a set of principles and techniques as well as an informal but systematic process of decomposing a programming problem. Two examples are used to demonstrate the application of process and techniques.The process is a carefully down-scaled version of a full and rich software engineering process particularly suited for novices learning object-oriented programming. In using it, we hope to achieve two things: to help novice programmers learn faster and better while at the same time laying the foundation for a more thorough treatment of the aspects of software engineering

Organic production systems in Northern highbush blueberries

The production of highbush blueberries is increasing worldwide. Organic production of blueberries in Sweden is presently very limited but is expected to have a great potential to expand as the berries are popular and have a good shelf life. The fact that blueberries require acid soils raises several questions concerning suitable substrates in combination with mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilization in organic production systems. Field and pot experiments have been established during 2011 and 2012 with the aim of developing a sustainable production system for high quality organic blueberries. After the second experimental year, total fruit yields were similar for plants grown in a plastic tunnel and in the open field. Yields were not affected by the addition of 10% forest soil to the peat-based substrate. Inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi had little effect on shoot length in a greenhouse pot experiment. Blueberries may be particularly suitable for organic production as the need for fertilizers is low combined with a relatively low disease pressure on the blueberry crop in the Nordic countries. The Swedish blueberry production might be expected to expand in the near future. The development of a successful and resource-efficient growing system for organic blueberries may encourage new blueberry growers to chose organic production

Godsturgenerering og konsumenters preferanser for å redusere eksternaliteter fra sisteledds-distribusjon

Freight transport is a key contributor to negative externalities in terms of congestion, noise, emissions of local air pollutants and greenhouse gases, road damage and accident risk. The issue is particularly significant in cities, with lots of activities generating freight transport and a high density of people inflicted by their externalities. At the same time, freight transport is indispensable for a city’s economy and urban lifestyle, and achieving sustainable solutions is important. However, existing measures targeting urban freight transport are often aimed at carriers, although research has shown that carriers’ ability to influence freight traffic is limited by shippers and receivers, i.e. the generators of freight. This thesis provides knowledge to municipalities and urban planners working on measures to reduce externalities from urban road freight transport through research on freight trip generation (FTG) and consumer preferences for last mile deliveries. The work consists of five chapters: one introductory chapter and four chapters written as scientific papers that are either published or in the process of getting published in peer-reviewed journals. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the overall research gap targeted in this thesis as well as each of the four papers’ individual and joint contribution to answering the overall research questions. The main findings within and between each paper are highlighted. The first paper is presented in chapter 2 and presents FTG models for the Norwegian context. It contributes research on functional form and explanatory variables, fills some of the identified knowledge gap for FTG numbers in Norway, and identifies key industries contributing FTG from establishments. The second paper (chapter 3), also deals with FTG, but considers shipments to consumers rather than establishments. The background for researching FTG to consumers is the growth in e-commerce, which inflicts changes to urban freight transport. The paper reveals that consumers generate a significant amount of freight trips and should be considered in future urban planning and policy making. The third and fourth papers (chapter 4 and 5) shift focus from FTG numbers to measures targeting FTG and corresponding externalities. Both papers investigate if and how consumers could be involved in the transformation to environmentally sustainable freight deliveries through changes in last mile delivery services. The main findings from these papers are that consumers value environmentally sustainable deliveries and are willing to take on some of the costs, either by paying for reduced CO2-emissions or waiting some extra days for the delivery if it implies reduced PM and/or CO2-emissions. The main overall contribution of this thesis is that consumers are a key agent in understanding urban freight traffic and should be included in the transition towards environmentally sustainable last mile deliveries, along with establishments.Godstransport er en viktig bidragsyter til negative eksternaliteter som kø, støy, utslipp, veislitasje og ulykkesrisiko. Problemet er stort i byer hvor det ofte er mange aktiviteter som etterspør godstransport og høy tetthet av mennesker som blir skadelidende under eksternalitetene. Samtidig er godstransport uunnværlig for byens økonomi og urbane livsstilsaktiviteter, slik at en bærekraftig godstransport er ønskelig. Tiltak for å redusere eksternaliteter fra godstransporten er ofte rettet mot transportører. Dette til tross for at forskning har vist at transportørers evne til å påvirke godstransporten er begrenset av avsendere og mottakere, dvs. aktørene som etterspør godstransport. Denne avhandlingen gir kunnskap til kommuner og byplanleggere som arbeider med tiltak for å redusere eksternaliteter fra godstransport i by, og bidrar med forskning på godsturgenerering og konsumenters preferanser for miljøvennlig sisteledds-distribusjon. Avhandlingen består av fem kapitler: ett innledende kapittel og fire kapitler skrevet som vitenskapelige artikler som enten er publisert eller i en prosess for publisering i fagfellevurderte tidsskrifter. Innledningskapitlet gir en oversikt over kunnskapshullet denne avhandlingen tilstreber å fylle, samt hvert av de fire artiklenes individuelle og felles bidrag til å svare på forskningsspørsmålene. Hovedfunn i og mellom hver artikkel fremheves. Den første artikkelen (kapittel 2) presenterer turgenereringsmodeller for godstransport til bedrifter i Groruddalen i Oslo og eksperimenterer med modellens form og forklaringsvariabler. Resultatet er turgeneringstall i en norsk sammenheng, som viser hvilke næringer som er viktige for å forstå omfanget av turgenerering i området. Den andre artikkelen (kapittel 3) omhandler også turgenerering, men fra forbrukere som netthandler. Bakgrunnen er veksten i e-handel som har bidratt til å transformere godstransporten via økt sisteledds-distribusjon. Artikkelen viser at turgenerering fra forbrukere er betydelig, og bør vurderes i fremtidig byplanlegging og politikkutforming sammen med turgenerering fra bedrifter. Den tredje og fjerde artikkelen (kapittel 4 og 5) flytter oppmerksomheten fra turgenereringsmodeller til mulige tiltak for å redusere antall turer og tilhørende eksternaliteter. Målet har vært å undersøke om og hvordan forbrukere kan bidra til en mer bærekraftig godsnæring ved hjelp av sisteledds-distribusjonsløsningene de velger. Hovedfunnene fra disse to artiklene er at forbrukere verdsetter miljøvennlig levering og er villige til å ta noe av kostnadene, enten ved å betale for reduserte CO2-utslipp eller vente noen ekstra dager på levering for reduserte PM- og/eller CO2-utslipp. Hovedbidraget til avhandlingen er at forbrukere er en sentral aktør for å forstå godstransport i by, som kan og bør inkluderes (sammen med bedrifter og transportaktører) for å oppnå miljøvennlige leveringsløsninger

Racial Theory in Sports

This research paper examines several scholarly sources related to race and sport. This paper dives into the topic of sports in the African Diaspora and how star black athletes have used their podium to express social injustice. This paper will also explain how these athletes are helping better their communities. The paper will also explore the challenge athletes of color face against global white supremacy and Western sports media

The thorny issue of ethnic autonomy in Croatia: Serb leaders and proposals for autonomy

Die gegenwärtige politische Struktur Kroatiens sieht für die serbische Minderheit eine weitgehende kulturelle Autonomie und eine entsprechende politische Repräsentation vor. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt, dass dies Arrangement einer relativen Autonomie aus den geschickten Verhandlungen und einem moderaten Kurs der politischen Elite der serbischen Minderheit resultiert. Widerlegt wird damit das Statement über die Serben in Kroatien: 'Nachdem sie alles wollten, haben sie alles verloren'. Vor, während und nach dem Bürgerkrieg in den 90er Jahren diskutierten die Serben mehrere Modelle einer relativen Autonomie in einem postkommunistischen Europa. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert und kommentiert diese politischen Lösungsversuche. Insgesamt waren diese weitsichtigen und kompromissbereiten Vorschläge die Voraussetzungen für den gegenwärtigen befriedigenden Zustand - im Vergleich zu den anderen Folgestaaten der zerfallenen Bundesrepublik Jugoslawiens. (ICAÜbers

Crowdsourcing the Reputation of Martin Luther King: Twitter as a Place of Memory

This dissertation develops the idea of crowdsourced memory. The term captures three important developments in the conceptualization, technological delivery, and analytical study of public memory. In terms of conceptualization, a crowdsourcing approach recognizes that the remembering of the past is an inherently collective and often competitive enterprise in which the public participates in the co-construction of memory and the meanings of memorial landscapes and places. A crowdsourcing approach also recognizes the growing influence of the Internet and social media as not just a means of communication, but also a system of cultural and place representation, as well as, a memory technology—a way of expressing views about the past, but also a way of recording the history of place experiences at places devoted to the past. The posting of experiences and opinions through platforms, such as, Twitter have dramatically expanded public expression and contribution to the project of remembering, interpreting, and re-interpreting the past. Finally, a crowdsourcing approach represents a new methodology that recognizes social media posts provide an important source of not only quantitative, but also meaningful qualitative data for scholars to understand how the legacy and reputation of individuals and organizations are communicated, consumed, and co-constructed by the public. This dissertation also employs qualitative geographic information sciences to examine the locational variation of the themes associated with each Tweet. This dissertation applies a crowdsource approach based on critical race theory to understand the reputational politics that surround the annual holiday dedicated to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Theoretical studies of the nucleation and growth of thin metal films: a focus on Ag deposited on Ag(100)

Theoretical studies of the nucleation and growth of metal films are performed, where the focus is the Molecular Beam Epitaxial (MBE) growth of Ag on the Ag(100) surface. Ag films grown under MBE, for the temperatures and atomic fluxes considered here (0→300K), are very far from equilibrium structures, due to the breaking of detailed balance during deposition. Included are studies of: metal film growth at very low temperatures; the temperature dependence of mound formation; the temperature dependence of kinetic roughening; the effect of the step-edge barrier on very thin films, and the post-deposition time dependence of nucleation. For these studies a range of lattice gas models are developed that are thought to contain the essential physics. These models contain such features as terrace diffusion, realistic edge diffusion process, a non-uniform Erlich-Schwoebel barrier, restricted and normal Downward Funneling, and low barrier diffusion process along micro-facets. The models were then tested by first performing a Kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation, and comparing the results to experimental data generated from previous Scanning Tunneling Microscopy studies. The models not only proved to be in good agreement with average quantities of the experimental film, but also proved to reproduce the details of the experimental morphologies quite well