Detecting Deceptive Opinions: Intra and Cross-domain Classification using an Efficient Representation

Electronic versíon of an article published as International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 25, 2, 2017, 151-174. DOI:10.1142/S0218488517400165 © copyright World Scientific Publishing Company. https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijufks[EN] Online opinions play an important role for customers and companies because of the increasing use they do to make purchase and business decisions. A consequence of that is the growing tendency to post fake reviews in order to change purchase decisions and opinions about products and services. Therefore, it is really important to filter out deceptive comments from the retrieved opinions. In this paper we propose the character n-grams in tokens, an efficient and effective variant of the traditional character n-grams model, which we use to obtain a low dimensionality representation of opinions. A Support Vector Machines classifier was used to evaluate our proposal on available corpora with reviews of hotels, doctors and restaurants. In order to study the performance of our model, we make experiments with intra and cross-domain cases. The aim of the latter experiment is to evaluate our approach in a realistic cross-domain scenario where deceptive opinions are available in a domain but not in another one. After comparing our method with state-of-the-art ones we may conclude that using character n-grams in tokens allows to obtain competitive results with a low dimensionality representation.This publication was made possible by NPRP grant #9-175-1-033 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.Cagnina, L.; Rosso, P. (2017). Detecting Deceptive Opinions: Intra and Cross-domain Classification using an Efficient Representation. International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems. 25(2):151-174. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218488517400165S151174252Cambria, E. (2016). Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 31(2), 102-107. doi:10.1109/mis.2016.31Cambria, E., & Hussain, A. (2015). Sentic Computing. Cognitive Computation, 7(2), 183-185. doi:10.1007/s12559-015-9325-0Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., & Witten, I. H. (2009). The WEKA data mining software. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 11(1), 10-18. doi:10.1145/1656274.1656278Hancock, J. T., Curry, L. E., Goorha, S., & Woodworth, M. (2007). On Lying and Being Lied To: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication. Discourse Processes, 45(1), 1-23. doi:10.1080/01638530701739181Hernández Fusilier, D., Montes-y-Gómez, M., Rosso, P., & Guzmán Cabrera, R. (2015). Detecting positive and negative deceptive opinions using PU-learning. Information Processing & Management, 51(4), 433-443. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2014.11.001Mann, H. B., & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a Test of Whether one of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50-60. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177730491MONTAÑÉS, E., QUEVEDO, J. R., COMBARRO, E. F., DÍAZ, I., & RANILLA, J. (2007). A HYBRID FEATURE SELECTION METHOD FOR TEXT CATEGORIZATION. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 15(02), 133-151. doi:10.1142/s0218488507004492Newman, M. L., Pennebaker, J. W., Berry, D. S., & Richards, J. M. (2003). Lying Words: Predicting Deception from Linguistic Styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 665-675. doi:10.1177/0146167203029005010Raudys, S. J., & Jain, A. K. (1991). Small sample size effects in statistical pattern recognition: recommendations for practitioners. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 13(3), 252-264. doi:10.1109/34.75512Wang, G., Xie, S., Liu, B., & Yu, P. S. (2012). Identify Online Store Review Spammers via Social Review Graph. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 3(4), 1-21. doi:10.1145/2337542.2337546Webb, G. I. (2000). Machine Learning, 40(2), 159-196. doi:10.1023/a:100765951484

CIMTDetect: A Community Infused Matrix-Tensor Coupled Factorization Based Method for Fake News Detection

Detecting whether a news article is fake or genuine is a crucial task in today's digital world where it's easy to create and spread a misleading news article. This is especially true of news stories shared on social media since they don't undergo any stringent journalistic checking associated with main stream media. Given the inherent human tendency to share information with their social connections at a mouse-click, fake news articles masquerading as real ones, tend to spread widely and virally. The presence of echo chambers (people sharing same beliefs) in social networks, only adds to this problem of wide-spread existence of fake news on social media. In this paper, we tackle the problem of fake news detection from social media by exploiting the very presence of echo chambers that exist within the social network of users to obtain an efficient and informative latent representation of the news article. By modeling the echo-chambers as closely-connected communities within the social network, we represent a news article as a 3-mode tensor of the structure - and propose a tensor factorization based method to encode the news article in a latent embedding space preserving the community structure. We also propose an extension of the above method, which jointly models the community and content information of the news article through a coupled matrix-tensor factorization framework. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy of our method for the task of Fake News Detection over two real-world datasets. Further, we validate the generalization of the resulting embeddings over two other auxiliary tasks, namely: \textbf{1)} News Cohort Analysis and \textbf{2)} Collaborative News Recommendation. Our proposed method outperforms appropriate baselines for both the tasks, establishing its generalization.Comment: Presented at ASONAM'1

Detecting and Monitoring Hate Speech in Twitter

Social Media are sensors in the real world that can be used to measure the pulse of societies. However, the massive and unfiltered feed of messages posted in social media is a phenomenon that nowadays raises social alarms, especially when these messages contain hate speech targeted to a specific individual or group. In this context, governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are concerned about the possible negative impact that these messages can have on individuals or on the society. In this paper, we present HaterNet, an intelligent system currently being used by the Spanish National Office Against Hate Crimes of the Spanish State Secretariat for Security that identifies and monitors the evolution of hate speech in Twitter. The contributions of this research are many-fold: (1) It introduces the first intelligent system that monitors and visualizes, using social network analysis techniques, hate speech in Social Media. (2) It introduces a novel public dataset on hate speech in Spanish consisting of 6000 expert-labeled tweets. (3) It compares several classification approaches based on different document representation strategies and text classification models. (4) The best approach consists of a combination of a LTSM+MLP neural network that takes as input the tweet’s word, emoji, and expression tokens’ embeddings enriched by the tf-idf, and obtains an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.828 on our dataset, outperforming previous methods presented in the literatureThe work by Quijano-Sanchez was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant FJCI-2016-28855. The research of Liberatore was supported by the Government of Spain, grant MTM2015-65803-R, and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 691161 (GEOSAFE). All the financial support is gratefully acknowledge

The Impact of Key Ideas on Automatic Deception Detection in Text

In recent years, with the rise of the Internet, the automatic deception detection in text is an important task to recognize those of documents that try to make people believe in something false. Current studies in this field assume that the entire document contains cues to identify deception; however, as demonstrated in this work, some irrelevant ideas in text could affect the performance of the classification. Therefore, this research proposes an approach for deception detection in text that identifies, in the first instance, key ideas in a document based on a topic modeling algorithm and a proposed automatic extractive text summarization method, to produce a synthesized document that avoids secondary ideas. The experimental results of this study indicate that the proposed method outperform previous methods with standard collections

Predictive model for detecting fake reviews: Exploring the possible enhancements of using word embeddings

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Data Science and Advanced Analytics, specialization in Data ScienceFake data contaminates the insights that can be obtained about a product or service and ultimately hurts both businesses and consumers. Being able to correctly identify the truthful reviews will ensure consumers are able to more effectively find products that suit their needs. The following paper aims to develop a predictive model for detecting fake hotel reviews using Natural Language Processing techniques and applying various Machine Learning models. The current research in this area has primarily focused on sentiment analysis and the detection of fake reviews using various text mining methods including bag of words, tokenization, POS tagging and TF-IDF. The research mostly looks at some combination of quantitative and qualitative information. The text component is only analyzed with regards to which words appear in the review, while the semantic relationship is ignored. This research attempts to develop a higher level of performance by implementing pretrained word embeddings during the preprocessing of the text data. The goal is to introduce some context to the text data and see how each model’s performance changes. Traditional text mining models were applied to the dataset to provide a benchmark. Subsequently, GloVe, Word2Vec and BERT word embeddings were implemented and the performance of 8 models was reviewed. The analysis shows a somewhat lower performance obtained by the word embeddings. It seems that in texts of short length, the appearance of words is more indicative of a fake review than the semantic meaning of those words

A survey on author profiling, deception, and irony detection for the Arabic language

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [FULL CITE], which has been published in final form at [Link to final article using the DOI]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] The possibility of knowing people traits on the basis of what they write is a field of growing interest named author profiling. To infer a user's gender, age, native language, language variety, or even when the user lies, simply by analyzing her texts, opens a wide range of possibilities from the point of view of security. In this paper, we review the state of the art about some of the main author profiling problems, as well as deception and irony detection, especially focusing on the Arabic language.Qatar National Research Fund, Grant/Award Number: NPRP 9-175-1-033Rosso, P.; Rangel-Pardo, FM.; Hernandez-Farias, DI.; Cagnina, L.; Zaghouani, W.; Charfi, A. (2018). 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