SUBSTANTIVWÖRTER IN GERMAN

This paper aims to describe Substantivwörter ’noun’ in German. Substantivwörter can be: (1) Artikelwort ’article’, (2) Adjetiv vor sich ’adjective modifying a noun’, (3) ein weiteres Substantiv (als Attribut im Genetiv oder Präpositionalkasus) ’nominal functioning as an attribute in a genetive’, and (4) substantivische Pronomina ’substantive pronoun’. There are six types of Substantivische Pronomina, i.e.: Personalpronomen ’personal pronoun’ such as Ich, du, er; Interrogativpronomen ’interrogative pronoun’ such as wer, was, and welche; Demonstrativpronomen ’demonstrative pronoun’ (dieser, jener, and ein solcher); Indefinitpronomen ’indefinite pronoun’ (einige, mache, and allen); Possesivpronomen ’possessive pronoun’ (wessen and wem); and Relativpronomen ’relative pronoun’ (ein Bild replaced by es or das). Substantivwörter function to express (1) Gattungsnamen and (2) Eigenamen. Gattungsnamen or Appelativa are used to name fruits and jobs. Gattungsnamen function to name concrete objects such as Gold ’gold, Schnee ’snow’ and to describe one’s characters or personality such as Härte ’hard’ and Klugheit ’smart’. Besides, Gattungsnamen are used to express kinship relationships such as Onkel ’uncle’ and Grossvater ’grandfather’; and (2) Eigenamen ’proper nouns’ function to express Personennamen or to express one’s name comprising Vorname ’first name’ and Familienname ’family name’ such as Helmut Kohl. Eigenamen are used to name a place such as Gothes Haus, a mountain such as der Alpen, and a country such as Deutschland. Eigenamen are also used for Produktnamen to name a building such as Humboldt Universität, a book such as Gothes Faust, a painting such as Monalisa, a ship such as Titanic, and a song title such as Mother John Lennon

MEANINGS OF MODALVERBEN CONSTRUCTIONS IN GERMAN SENTENCES AND THEIR EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN

This study aims to describe: (1) Modalverben constructions in German sentences, (2) meanings of Modalverben in German sentences, and (3) equivalences of Modalverben in German sentences in Indonesian. This was a qualitative descriptive study. The objects of the research data were lingual units of modality constructions with objective and subjective meanings in both German phrases and sentences. The subjects of the data were modal verbs in German sentences. The data sources were the magazine NADI Indonesia Deutsch 2012 and 2013. The data were collected by means of reading and noting techniques and analyzed by means of the translational, equivalent, and distributional techniques. The data validity was assessed through the semantic validity and the inter-rater and intra-rater techniques. The research findings are as follows. (1) the objektive Modalverben construction in German is S - Inf+Modalverb and the subjektive Modalverben construction is S+Inf – Modalverb. (2) Meanings of objektive Modalverben are those which are loose in nature because because lexical elements of modality can reveal utterance contents while meanings of subjektive Modalverben are those outside lexical elements because they are affected by speakers’ subjective intentions. (3) The equivalences of objektive und subjektive Modalverben in German sentences in Indonesian are in the form Modalverb können appearing 107 times, equivalent to meanings of dapat, bisa, ada, menjadi, berhasil, mampu, meraih, terdiri, sungguh, and makna zero. Modalverb dürfen (8) are equivalent to meanings of dapat, boleh, and makna zero. Modalverb sollen (27) are equivalent to meanings of harus, akan, bisa, seharusnya, perlu, dan makna zero. Modalverb wollen (3) are equivalent to meanings of ingin, terus terang, and makna zero. Modalverb müssen (31) are equivalent to meanings of harus, dapat, bisa, and makna zero. Modalverb möchten (16) are equivalent to meanings of ingin, berminat, perlu, and makna zero

GERMAN VERBS IN STUDIO-D A1 BOOK: A MORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS

The study aimed at describing: (1) the patterns of German verbs in Studio- D A1 book, and (2) the function of verbs in German sentences. The object of this study was a lingual unit in the form of German verbs taken from Studio- D A1 book. The techniques of padan and agih (Sudaryanto, 2015) were employed to analyse the data. The former technique incorporated a referential selection, while the latter one used a component division and a markah reading. The findings reveal that the patterns of German verbs were manifested in the forms of action and non-action verbs, were static and dynamic, and underwent inflection and derivation

HOW TO PREVENT JAVANESE FROM LANGUAGE LOSS

This paper is going to tell us about how to maintain language in order still exists in society. Language is going to exist if the people still use to communication each to others. Considering language is so important so we have to keep on the language itself. Javanese is unique language in Indonesia, it has varieties in using. They often called language levels or in Javanese called “undo usuk basa”, Javanese has three language levels, and they are “ngoko, krama alus and krama inggil”. Javanese always has to be used for the existence in the world generally and in Indonesia especially. By looking the situations recently, Javanese is so dolorous in using. Many people prefer to use Indonesian language or English to communication at home and surrounding although they are Javanese. If it happens in long times later so possible that Javanese will be a language loss. To prevent from bad possibility, so we have to maintain Javanese in order still alive. This paper is going to explain us how to maintain Javanese in society, there are several ways can be conducted to keep on Javanese in society. The ways are like conducting Javanese as a subject in school, creating language events, practicing Javanese at home and surrounding, and conducting activities which useful to maintain language. By conducting some ways are expected Javanese still exists in society and this country. They all aren’t going to be successful without consciousness from those societies

Wage Returns to Experience and Tenure for Young Men in Italy

This paper provides estimates of the average returns to labour market experience and .rm-speci.c tenure for a sample of young Italian male workers. Using instrumental variables, I take into account endogeneity and selection problems generated by job matching and individual fixed effects. Results indicate that OLS estimates for experience and tenure are downward biased and that white collars workers enjoy higher returns to general and specific skills than blue collars.Wages, Experience, Tenure, Search, Endogeneity, Italy

Gender Wage Differentials in Italy: A Structural Estimation Approach

This paper studies gender wage differentials in Italy by providing a structural estimation of the frictional parameters of two different theoretical specifications of an equilibrium search model. I alternatively allow for firm heterogeneity and discrimination empirically using maximum likelihood and matching first moments in the data. Results indicate substantial differences in transition parameters with higher level of search frictions for women. The mapping from productivity to wages for men is highly non linear, with high productivity firms offering proportionally higher wages; for women, the relationships is almost linear. Including discrimination, I find that productivity accounts for 61% of the wage offer differential, search for 28% and 11% is the part of discrimination.Gender Wage Differentials, Equilibrium Search, Discrimination, Structural Estimation, Italy.