Mapping Mangrove Extent and Change: A Globally Applicable Approach

This study demonstrates a globally applicable method for monitoring mangrove forest extent at high spatial resolution. A 2010 mangrove baseline was classified for 16 study areas using a combination of ALOS PALSAR and Landsat composite imagery within a random forests classifier. A novel map-to-image change method was used to detect annual and decadal changes in extent using ALOS PALSAR/JERS-1 imagery. The map-to-image method presented makes fewer assumptions of the data than existing methods, is less sensitive to variation between scenes due to environmental factors (e.g., tide or soil moisture) and is able to automatically identify a change threshold. Change maps were derived from the 2010 baseline to 1996 using JERS-1 SAR and to 2007, 2008 and 2009 using ALOS PALSAR. This study demonstrated results for 16 known hotspots of mangrove change distributed globally, with a total mangrove area of 2,529,760 ha. The method was demonstrated to have accuracies consistently in excess of 90% (overall accuracy: 92.293.3%, kappa: 0.86) for mapping baseline extent. The accuracies of the change maps were more variable and were dependent upon the time period between images and number of change features. Total change from 1996 to 2010 was 204,850 ha (127,990 ha gain, 76,860 ha loss), with the highest gains observed in French Guiana (15,570 ha) and the highest losses observed in East Kalimantan, Indonesia (23,003 ha). Changes in mangrove extent were the consequence of both natural and anthropogenic drivers, yielding net increases or decreases in extent dependent upon the study site. These updated maps are of importance to the mangrove research community, particularly as the continual updating of the baseline with currently available and anticipated spaceborne sensors. It is recommended that mangrove baselines are updated on at least a 5-year interval to suit the requirements of policy makers

Detection of land cover changes in El Rawashda forest, Sudan: A systematic comparison: Detection of land cover changes in El Rawashda forest, Sudan: A systematic comparison

The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the potential for monitoring forest change using Landsat ETM and Aster data. This was accomplished by performing eight change detection algorithms: pixel post-classification comparison (PCC), image differencing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Transformed Difference Vegetation Index (TDVI), principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate alteration detection (MAD), change vector analysis (CVA) and tasseled cap analysis (TCA). Methods, Post-Classification Comparison and vegetation indices are straightforward techniques and easy to apply. In this study the simplified classification with only 4 forest classes namely close forest, open forest, bare land and grass land was used The overall classification accuracy obtained were 88.4%, 91.9% and 92.1% for the years 2000, 2003 and 2006 respectively. The Tasseled Cap green layer (GTC) composite of the three images was proposed to detect the change in vegetation of the study area. We found that the RBG-TCG worked better than RGBNDVI. For instance, the RBG-TCG detected some areas of changes that RGB-NDVI failed to detect them, moreover RBG-TCG displayed different changed areas with more strong colours. Change vector analysis (CVA) based on Tasseled Cap transformation (TCT) was also applied for detecting and characterizing land cover change. The results support the CVA approach to change detection. The calculated date to date change vectors contained useful information, both in their magnitude and their direction. A powerful tool for time series analysis is the principal components analysis (PCA). This method was tested for change detection in the study area by two ways: Multitemporal PCA and Selective PCA. Both methods found to offer the potential for monitoring forest change detection. A recently proposed approach, the multivariate alteration detection (MAD), in combination with a posterior maximum autocorrelation factor transformation (MAF) was used to demonstrate visualization of vegetation changes in the study area. The MAD transformation provides a way of combining different data types that found to be useful in change detection. Accuracy assessment is an important final step addressed in the study to evaluate the different change detection techniques. A quantitative accuracy assessment at level of change/no change pixels was performed to determine the threshold value with the highest accuracy. Among the various accuracy assessment methods presented the highest accuracy was obtained using the post-classification comparison based on supervised classification of each two time periods (2000 -2003 and 2003-2006), which were 90.6% and 87% consequently

Mapping and monitoring forest remnants : a multiscale analysis of spatio-temporal data

KEYWORDS : Landsat, time series, machine learning, semideciduous Atlantic forest, Brazil, wavelet transforms, classification, change detectionForests play a major role in important global matters such as carbon cycle, climate change, and biodiversity. Besides, forests also influence soil and water dynamics with major consequences for ecological relations and decision-making. One basic requirement to quantify and model these processes is the availability of accurate maps of forest cover. Data acquisition and analysis at appropriate scales is the keystone to achieve the mapping accuracy needed for development and reliable use of ecological models.The current and upcoming production of high-resolution data sets plus the ever-increasing time series that have been collected since the seventieth must be effectively explored. Missing values and distortions further complicate the analysis of this data set. Thus, integration and proper analysis is of utmost importance for environmental research. New conceptual models in environmental sciences, like the perception of multiple scales, require the development of effective implementation techniques.This thesis presents new methodologies to map and monitor forests on large, highly fragmented areas with complex land use patterns. The use of temporal information is extensively explored to distinguish natural forests from other land cover types that are spectrally similar. In chapter 4, novel schemes based on multiscale wavelet analysis are introduced, which enabled an effective preprocessing of long time series of Landsat data and improved its applicability on environmental assessment.In chapter 5, the produced time series as well as other information on spectral and spatial characteristics were used to classify forested areas in an experiment relating a number of combinations of attribute features. Feature sets were defined based on expert knowledge and on data mining techniques to be input to traditional and machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition, viz . maximum likelihood, univariate and multivariate decision trees, and neural networks. The results showed that maximum likelihood classification using temporal texture descriptors as extracted with wavelet transforms was most accurate to classify the semideciduous Atlantic forest in the study area.In chapter 6, a multiscale approach to digital change detection was developed to deal with multisensor and noisy remotely sensed images. Changes were extracted according to size classes minimising the effects of geometric and radiometric misregistration.Finally, in chapter 7, an automated procedure for GIS updating based on feature extraction, segmentation and classification was developed to monitor the remnants of semideciduos Atlantic forest. The procedure showed significant improvements over post classification comparison and direct multidate classification based on artificial neural networks.</p

Mapping Chestnut Stands Using Bi-Temporal VHR Data

This study analyzes the potential of very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images and extended morphological profiles for mapping Chestnut stands on Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain). Regarding their relevance for ecosystem services in the region (cultural and provisioning services) the public sector demand up-to-date information on chestnut and a simple straight-forward approach is presented in this study. We used two VHR WorldView images (March and May 2015) to cover different phenological phases. Moreover, we included spatial information in the classification process by extended morphological profiles (EMPs). Random forest is used for the classification process and we analyzed the impact of the bi-temporal information as well as of the spatial information on the classification accuracies. The detailed accuracy assessment clearly reveals the benefit of bi-temporal VHR WorldView images and spatial information, derived by EMPs, in terms of the mapping accuracy. The bi-temporal classification outperforms or at least performs equally well when compared to the classification accuracies achieved by the mono-temporal data. The inclusion of spatial information by EMPs further increases the classification accuracy by 5% and reduces the quantity and allocation disagreements on the final map. Overall the new proposed classification strategy proves useful for mapping chestnut stands in a heterogeneous and complex landscape, such as the municipality of La Orotava, Tenerife

Detection of land cover changes in El Rawashda forest, Sudan: A systematic comparison: Detection of land cover changes in El Rawashda forest, Sudan: A systematic comparison

The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the potential for monitoring forest change using Landsat ETM and Aster data. This was accomplished by performing eight change detection algorithms: pixel post-classification comparison (PCC), image differencing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Transformed Difference Vegetation Index (TDVI), principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate alteration detection (MAD), change vector analysis (CVA) and tasseled cap analysis (TCA). Methods, Post-Classification Comparison and vegetation indices are straightforward techniques and easy to apply. In this study the simplified classification with only 4 forest classes namely close forest, open forest, bare land and grass land was used The overall classification accuracy obtained were 88.4%, 91.9% and 92.1% for the years 2000, 2003 and 2006 respectively. The Tasseled Cap green layer (GTC) composite of the three images was proposed to detect the change in vegetation of the study area. We found that the RBG-TCG worked better than RGBNDVI. For instance, the RBG-TCG detected some areas of changes that RGB-NDVI failed to detect them, moreover RBG-TCG displayed different changed areas with more strong colours. Change vector analysis (CVA) based on Tasseled Cap transformation (TCT) was also applied for detecting and characterizing land cover change. The results support the CVA approach to change detection. The calculated date to date change vectors contained useful information, both in their magnitude and their direction. A powerful tool for time series analysis is the principal components analysis (PCA). This method was tested for change detection in the study area by two ways: Multitemporal PCA and Selective PCA. Both methods found to offer the potential for monitoring forest change detection. A recently proposed approach, the multivariate alteration detection (MAD), in combination with a posterior maximum autocorrelation factor transformation (MAF) was used to demonstrate visualization of vegetation changes in the study area. The MAD transformation provides a way of combining different data types that found to be useful in change detection. Accuracy assessment is an important final step addressed in the study to evaluate the different change detection techniques. A quantitative accuracy assessment at level of change/no change pixels was performed to determine the threshold value with the highest accuracy. Among the various accuracy assessment methods presented the highest accuracy was obtained using the post-classification comparison based on supervised classification of each two time periods (2000 -2003 and 2003-2006), which were 90.6% and 87% consequently

Land Cover Change Monitoring Using Landsat MSS/TM Satellite Image Data over West Africa between 1975 and 1990

Abstract: Monitoring land cover changes from the 1970s in West Africa is important for assessing the dynamics between land cover types and understanding the anthropogenic impact during this period. Given the lack of historical land cover maps over such a large area, Landsat data is a reliable and consistent source of information on land cover dynamics from the 1970s. This study examines land cover changes occurring between 1975 and 1990 in West Africa using a systematic sample of satellite imagery. The primary data sources for the land cover classification were Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) for 1975 and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) for the 1990 period. Dedicated selection of the appropriate image data for land cover change monitoring was performed for the year 1975. Based on this selected dataset, the land cover analysis is based on a systematic sample of 220 suitable Landsat image extracts (out of 246) of 20 km × 20 km at each one degree latitude/longitude intersection. Object-based classification, originally dedicated for Landsat TM land cover change monitoring and adapted for MSS, was used to produce land cover change information for four different land cover classes: dense tree cover, tree cover mosaic, other wooded land and other vegetation cover. Our results reveal that in 1975 about 6% of West Africa was covered by dense tree cover complemented with 12% of tree cover mosaic. Almost half of the area was covered by other wooded land and the remaining 32% was represented by other vegetation cover. Over the 1975–1990 period, the net annual change rate of dense tree cover was estimated at −0.95%, at −0.37% for the other wooded land and very low for tree cover mosaic (−0.05%). On the other side, other vegetation cover increased annually by 0.70%, most probably due to the expansion of agricultural areas. This study demonstrates the potential of Landsat MSS and TM data for large scale land cover change assessment in West Africa and highlights the importance of consistent and systematic data processing methods with targeted image acquisition procedures for long-term monitoring.JRC.H.5-Land Resources Managemen

Mapping Mangrove Extent and Change::A Globally Applicable Approach

This study demonstrates a globally applicable method for monitoring mangrove forest extent at high spatial resolution. A 2010 mangrove baseline was classified for 16 study areas using a combination of ALOS PALSAR and Landsat composite imagery within a random forests classifier. A novel map-to-image change method was used to detect annual and decadal changes in extent using ALOS PALSAR/JERS-1 imagery. The map-to-image method presented makes fewer assumptions of the data than existing methods, is less sensitive to variation between scenes due to environmental factors (e.g., tide or soil moisture) and is able to automatically identify a change threshold. Change maps were derived from the 2010 baseline to 1996 using JERS-1 SAR and to 2007, 2008 and 2009 using ALOS PALSAR. This study demonstrated results for 16 known hotspots of mangrove change distributed globally, with a total mangrove area of 2,529,760 ha. The method was demonstrated to have accuracies consistently in excess of 90% (overall accuracy: 92.2&ndash;93.3%, kappa: 0.86) for mapping baseline extent. The accuracies of the change maps were more variable and were dependent upon the time period between images and number of change features. Total change from 1996 to 2010 was 204,850 ha (127,990 ha gain, 76,860 ha loss), with the highest gains observed in French Guiana (15,570 ha) and the highest losses observed in East Kalimantan, Indonesia (23,003 ha). Changes in mangrove extent were the consequence of both natural and anthropogenic drivers, yielding net increases or decreases in extent dependent upon the study site. These updated maps are of importance to the mangrove research community, particularly as the continual updating of the baseline with currently available and anticipated spaceborne sensors. It is recommended that mangrove baselines are updated on at least a 5-year interval to suit the requirements of policy makers

Predicting growing stock volume of Eucalyptus plantations using 3-D point clouds derived from UAV imagery and ALS data

Estimating forest inventory variables is important in monitoring forest resources and mitigating climate change. In this respect, forest managers require flexible, non-destructive methods for estimating volume and biomass. High-resolution and low-cost remote sensing data are increasingly available to measure three-dimensional (3D) canopy structure and to model forest structural attributes. The main objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the individual tree volume estimates derived from high-density point clouds obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) in Eucalyptus spp. plantations. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques were applied for individual tree crown (ITC) delineation. The ITC algorithm applied correctly detected and delineated 199 trees from ALS-derived data, while 192 trees were correctly identified using DAP-based point clouds acquired fromUnmannedAerialVehicles(UAV), representing accuracy levels of respectively 62% and 60%. Addressing volume modelling, non-linear regression fit based on individual tree height and individual crown area derived from the ITC provided the following results: Model E ciency (Mef) = 0.43 and 0.46, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.030 m3 and 0.026 m3, rRMSE = 20.31% and 19.97%, and an approximately unbiased results (0.025 m3 and 0.0004 m3) using DAP and ALS-based estimations, respectively. No significant di erence was found between the observed value (field data) and volume estimation from ALS and DAP (p-value from t-test statistic = 0.99 and 0.98, respectively). The proposed approaches could also be used to estimate basal area or biomass stocks in Eucalyptus spp. plantationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio