18,406 research outputs found
A Survey of Ocean Simulation and Rendering Techniques in Computer Graphics
This paper presents a survey of ocean simulation and rendering methods in
computer graphics. To model and animate the ocean's surface, these methods
mainly rely on two main approaches: on the one hand, those which approximate
ocean dynamics with parametric, spectral or hybrid models and use empirical
laws from oceanographic research. We will see that this type of methods
essentially allows the simulation of ocean scenes in the deep water domain,
without breaking waves. On the other hand, physically-based methods use
Navier-Stokes Equations (NSE) to represent breaking waves and more generally
ocean surface near the shore. We also describe ocean rendering methods in
computer graphics, with a special interest in the simulation of phenomena such
as foam and spray, and light's interaction with the ocean surface
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Simulating Tsunami Inundation and Soil Response in a Large Centrifuge.
Tsunamis are rare, extreme events and cause significant damage to coastal infrastructure, which is often exacerbated by soil instability surrounding the structures. Simulating tsunamis in a laboratory setting is important to further understand soil instability induced by tsunami inundation processes. Laboratory simulations are difficult because the scale of such processes is very large, hence dynamic similitude cannot be achieved for small-scale models in traditional water-wave-tank facilities. The ability to control the body force in a centrifuge environment considerably reduces the mismatch in dynamic similitude. We review dynamic similitudes under a centrifuge condition for a fluid domain and a soil domain. A novel centrifuge apparatus specifically designed for exploring the physics of a tsunami-like flow on a soil bed is used to perform experiments. The present 1:40 model represents the equivalent geometric scale of a prototype soil field of 9.6 m deep, 21 m long, and 14.6 m wide. A laboratory facility capable of creating such conditions under the normal gravitational condition does not exist. With the use of a centrifuge, we are now able to simulate and measure tsunami-like loading with sufficiently high water pressure and flow velocities. The pressures and flow velocities in the model are identical to those of the prototype yielding realistic conditions of flow-soil interaction
Computational analysis of single rising bubbles influenced by soluble surfactant
This paper presents novel insights about the influence of soluble surfactants
on bubble flows obtained by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). Surfactants are
amphiphilic compounds which accumulate at fluid interfaces and significantly
modify the respective interfacial properties, influencing also the overall
dynamics of the flow. With the aid of DNS local quantities like the surfactant
distribution on the bubble surface can be accessed for a better understanding
of the physical phenomena occurring close to the interface. The core part of
the physical model consists in the description of the surfactant transport in
the bulk and on the deformable interface. The solution procedure is based on an
Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) Interface-Tracking method. The existing
methodology was enhanced to describe a wider range of physical phenomena. A
subgrid-scale (SGS) model is employed in the cases where a fully resolved DNS
for the species transport is not feasible due to high mesh resolution
requirements and, therefore, high computational costs. After an exhaustive
validation of the latest numerical developments, the DNS of single rising
bubbles in contaminated solutions is compared to experimental results. The full
velocity transients of the rising bubbles, especially the contaminated ones,
are correctly reproduced by the DNS. The simulation results are then studied to
gain a better understanding of the local bubble dynamics under the effect of
soluble surfactant. One of the main insights is that the quasi-steady state of
the rise velocity is reached without ad- and desorption being necessarily in
local equilibrium
Center for low-gravity fluid mechanics and transport phenomena
Research projects in several areas are discussed. Mass transport in vapor phase systems, droplet collisions and coalescence in microgravity, and rapid solidification of undercooled melts are discussed
A Stable and Robust Calibration Scheme of the Log-Periodic Power Law Model
We present a simple transformation of the formulation of the log-periodic
power law formula of the Johansen-Ledoit-Sornette model of financial bubbles
that reduces it to a function of only three nonlinear parameters. The
transformation significantly decreases the complexity of the fitting procedure
and improves its stability tremendously because the modified cost function is
now characterized by good smooth properties with in general a single minimum in
the case where the model is appropriate to the empirical data. We complement
the approach with an additional subordination procedure that slaves two of the
nonlinear parameters to what can be considered to be the most crucial nonlinear
parameter, the critical time defined as the end of the bubble and the
most probably time for a crash to occur. This further decreases the complexity
of the search and provides an intuitive representation of the results of the
calibration. With our proposed methodology, metaheuristic searches are not
longer necessary and one can resort solely to rigorous controlled local search
algorithms, leading to dramatic increase in efficiency. Empirical tests on the
Shanghai Composite index (SSE) from January 2007 to March 2008 illustrate our
findings
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