825,074 research outputs found
Banking from Leeds, not London: regional strategy and structure at the Yorkshire Bank, 1859–1952
Industrial philanthropist Edward Akroyd created the Yorkshire Penny Savings Bank in 1859. Despite competition from the Post Office Savings Bank after 1861 and a serious reserve problem in 1911, it sustained his overall strategy to become a successful regional bank. Using archival and contemporary sources to build on recent scholarship illustrating how savings banks were integrated into local economies and the complementary roles of philanthropy and paternalism, we analyse an English regional bank's strategy, including an assessment of strategic innovation, ownership changes and management structure. This will demonstrate that the founder's vision continued, even though the 1911 crisis radically altered both strategy and structure
Socio-economical dynamics as a solvable spin system on co-evolving networks
We consider social systems in which agents are not only characterized by
their states but also have the freedom to choose their interaction partners to
maximize their utility. We map such systems onto an Ising model in which spins
are dynamically coupled by links in a dynamical network. In this model there
are two dynamical quantities which arrange towards a minimum energy state in
the canonical framework: the spins, s_i, and the adjacency matrix elements,
c_{ij}. The model is exactly solvable because microcanonical partition
functions reduce to products of binomial factors as a direct consequence of the
c_{ij} minimizing energy. We solve the system for finite sizes and for the two
possible thermodynamic limits and discuss the phase diagrams.Comment: 5 pages 3 fig
Identification of new Keynesian Phillips curves from a global perspective
This paper is concerned with the estimation of New Keynesian Phillips Curves (NKPC) and focuses on two issues: the weak instrument problem and the characterization of the steady states. It proposes some solutions from a global perspective. Using a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model steady states are estimated as long-horizon expectations and valid instruments are constructed from the global variables as weighted averages. The proposed estimation strategy is illustrated using estimates of the NKPC for eight developed industrial countries. The GVAR generates global factors that are valid instruments and help alleviate the weak instrument problem. The steady states also reflect global influences and any long-run theoretical relationships that might prevail within and across countries in the global economy. The GVAR measure of the steady state performed better than the HP measure, and the use of foreign instruments substantially increased the precision of the estimates of the output coefficient
Valuations and dynamic convex risk measures
This paper approaches the definition and properties of dynamic convex risk
measures through the notion of a family of concave valuation operators
satisfying certain simple and credible axioms. Exploring these in the simplest
context of a finite time set and finite sample space, we find natural
risk-transfer and time-consistency properties for a firm seeking to spread its
risk across a group of subsidiaries.Comment: 26 page
Strong anonymity and infinite streams.
The extended rank-discounted utilitarian social welfare order introduced and axiomatized by Stéphane Zuber and Geir B. Asheim satisfies strong anonymity (J. Econ. Theory (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jet.2011.08.001). We question the appropriateness of strong anonymity in the context of a countably infinite sequence of subsequent generations. A modified criterion that is incomplete and satisfies finite anonymity is presented.
Diversity and Arbitrage in a Regulatory Breakup Model
In 1999 Robert Fernholz observed an inconsistency between the normative
assumption of existence of an equivalent martingale measure (EMM) and the
empirical reality of diversity in equity markets. We explore a method of
imposing diversity on market models by a type of antitrust regulation that is
compatible with EMMs. The regulatory procedure breaks up companies that become
too large, while holding the total number of companies constant by imposing a
simultaneous merge of other companies. The regulatory events are assumed to
have no impact on portfolio values. As an example, regulation is imposed on a
market model in which diversity is maintained via a log-pole in the drift of
the largest company. The result is the removal of arbitrage opportunities from
this market while maintaining the market's diversity.Comment: 21 page
Velocity autocorrelation function of a Brownian particle
In this article, we present molecular dynamics study of the velocity
autocorrelation function (VACF) of a Brownian particle. We compare the results
of the simulation with the exact analytic predictions for a compressible fluid
from [6] and an approximate result combining the predictions from hydrodynamics
at short and long times. The physical quantities which determine the decay were
determined from separate bulk simulations of the Lennard-Jones fluid at the
same thermodynamic state point.We observe that the long-time regime of the VACF
compares well the predictions from the macroscopic hydrodynamics, but the
intermediate decay is sensitive to the viscoelastic nature of the solvent.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Microscopic Calculation of the Constitutive Relations
Homogenization theory is used to calculate the macroscopic dielectric
constant from the quantum microscopic dielectric function in a periodic medium.
The method can be used to calculate any macroscopic constitutive relation, but
it is illustrated here for the case of electrodynamics of matter. The so-called
cell problem of homogenization theory is solved and an explicit expression is
given for the macroscopic dielectric constant in a form akin to the
Clausius-Mossotti or Lorentz-Lorenz relation. The validity of this expression
is checked by showing that the macroscopic dielectric constant is causal and
has the expected symmetry properties, and that the average of the microscopic
energy density is the macroscopic one. Finally, the general expression is
applied to Bloch eigenstates. Finally, the corresponding many-body problem is
briefly discussed.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure
Closed-Form Bayesian Inferences for the Logit Model via Polynomial Expansions
Articles in Marketing and choice literatures have demonstrated the need for
incorporating person-level heterogeneity into behavioral models (e.g., logit
models for multiple binary outcomes as studied here). However, the logit
likelihood extended with a population distribution of heterogeneity doesn't
yield closed-form inferences, and therefore numerical integration techniques
are relied upon (e.g., MCMC methods).
We present here an alternative, closed-form Bayesian inferences for the logit
model, which we obtain by approximating the logit likelihood via a polynomial
expansion, and then positing a distribution of heterogeneity from a flexible
family that is now conjugate and integrable. For problems where the response
coefficients are independent, choosing the Gamma distribution leads to rapidly
convergent closed-form expansions; if there are correlations among the
coefficients one can still obtain rapidly convergent closed-form expansions by
positing a distribution of heterogeneity from a Multivariate Gamma
distribution. The solution then comes from the moment generating function of
the Multivariate Gamma distribution or in general from the multivariate
heterogeneity distribution assumed.
Closed-form Bayesian inferences, derivatives (useful for elasticity
calculations), population distribution parameter estimates (useful for
summarization) and starting values (useful for complicated algorithms) are
hence directly available. Two simulation studies demonstrate the efficacy of
our approach.Comment: 30 pages, 2 figures, corrected some typos. Appears in Quantitative
Marketing and Economics vol 4 (2006), no. 2, 173--20
On a "New" Deformation of GL(2)
We refute a recent claim in the literature of a "new" quantum deformation of
GL(2).Comment: 4 pages, LATE
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