Difusión de tecnología: aplicación al sector eléctrico español

En este trabajo se proponen evaluar las hipótesis schumpeterianas sobre el tamaño de las compañías, la estructura de propiedad y las características de la innovación seleccionada, sobre las decisiones de adopción de nueva tecnología utilizando datos del sector eléctrico español. Para el análisis econométrico, se utiliza un modelo Mcg, Probit y Logit, así como un modelo de tipo proporcional según una distribución de Weibull y un modelo log-logístico Hazard, añadiendo un modelo lineal equivalente a partir de distribuciones de valor extremo (tipo I). La estimación no paramétrica se realiza a través de funciones Kaplan-Meier y funciones log-log respecto de las funciones de supervivencia. Los resultados sugieren que son las empresas privadas y grandes las que adoptan tecnología más rapidamente, si bien, el hecho podría relacionarse con la rentabilidad y solvencia de las compañías según su estructura de propiedad, puesto que fueron las compañías públicas las que obtuvieron mayores niveles de rentabilidad que las privadas en el último trienio, o con la mayor aportación de las empresas más grandes a sus departamentos de investigación y desarrollo

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Revista de educación

Este artículo forma parte de un estudio más amplio que ha sido cofinanciado por el Fondo Social Europeo y la Junta de Extremadura en su Programa de Preparación al Plan Regional de Investigación de Extremadura bienio 1996-1998. Resumen tomado de la revistaEste trabajo se centra en ofrecer un modelo de análisis estadístico diferente de los tradicionales y usuales, hasta ahora utilizados, en el tratamiento de datos educativos. Nuestro trabajo se centra en el análisis de factores psicológicos, pedagógicos y sociales considerados como influyentes en el proceso lector, a la vez que, analiza el proceso de adopción y difusión de este tipo de conocimiento. Este enfoque analítico sobre la lectura sería tratado bajo la consideración de una variable muy comentada en educación pero muy poco considerada: el tiempo. Utilizamos un modelo de econometría avanzada, modelo hazard, que calcula la probabilidad de adopción de conocimiento de los individuos, teniendo en cuenta tanto el tiempo de adopción como un conjunto de variables explicativas. La conceptualización que realizamos es adecuada dado que en educación todo se mide en función del tiempo. La programación educativa es temporal y un suspenso no es más que la no-asimilación de unos conceptos en una temporalización determinada.MadridBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; [email protected]

The PXR rs7643645 Polymorphism Is Associated with the Risk of Higher Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients

<div><p>Levels of enzymes that determine testosterone catabolism such as CYP3A4 have been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Although some studies have related <i>CYP3A4*1B</i> allele, a gene polymorphism that modifies CYP3A4 expression level, with PCa risk, others have failed, suggesting that additional genetic variants may be involved. Expression of CYP3A4 is largely due to the activation of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR). Particularly, rs2472677 and rs7643645 <i>PXR</i> polymorphisms modify CYP3A4 expression levels. To evaluate whether <i>PXR-HNF3β</i>/T (rs2472677), <i>PXR-HNF4/G</i> (rs7643645), and <i>CYP3A4*1B</i> (rs2740574) polymorphisms are associated with PCa a case control-study was performed. The multiple testing analysis showed that the <i>PXR-HNF4/G</i> polymorphism was associated with higher levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with PCa (OR = 3.99, p = 0.03). This association was stronger in patients diagnosed at the age of 65 years or older (OR = 10.8, p = 0.006). Although the <i>CYP3A4*1B/*1B</i> genotype was overrepresented in PCa patients, no differences were observed in the frequency of this and <i>PXR-HNF3β</i>/T alleles between controls and cases. Moreover, no significant association was found between these polymorphisms and PSA, Gleason grade, or tumor lymph node metastasis.</p></div

Distribution of <i>CYP3A4</i> and <i>PXR</i> genotypes.

<p>^*x² test.</p>&<p>Fisher's exact test.</p><p>n, No. of subjects.</p

Association of <i>PXR-HNF4</i> genotype and clinical characteristics in patients diagnosed at the age of ≥65.

<p>Association of <i>PXR-HNF4</i> genotype and clinical characteristics in patients diagnosed at the age of ≥65.</p

Association of <i>CYP3A4</i> genotype and clinical characteristics in patients diagnosed at the age of ≥65.

<p>PSA, prostatic-specific antigen. TNM, tumor lymph nodes metastasis.</p>a<p>Comparing those with <i>*1A</i><b><i>/*</i></b><i>1A versus</i> those with</p><p><i>*1B</i><b><i>/*</i></b><i>1B</i> and <i>*1A</i><b><i>/*</i></b><i>1B</i> genotypes (dominant model).^* Logistic model.</p><p>n, No. of subjects.</p